工程建设产生的水土流失量的监测尤为重要

Monitoring of soil and water loss amount produced paper, engineering construction is particularly important

工程建设产生的水土流失量的监测尤为重要,它是水土保持措施布设的依据,也是防治效果完成情况的参照标准。对于占地范围大,施工周期长的项目通常采用径流池观测法和卡口站观测法测水土流失量。对于达不到以上要求的一般采用钢钎法和简易坡面量测法测水土流失量。本文利用钢钎法和简易坡面量测法测项目区的水土流失量,并对监测结果进行分析,得出的数据为今后的水保方案设计和验收提供依据。

Monitoring of soil and water loss in engineering construction has the very important, it is the arrangement of soil and water conservation measures on control effect, but also the completion of the reference standard. The covering range, long cycle of construction projects usually adopt runoff pool observation and the bayonet observing method to measure the amount of soil erosion. To meet above requirements generally adopts steel method and simple slope measurement of soil erosion measurement. The amount of soil erosion by using steel method and simple slope measurement test project area, and the monitoring results are analyzed, the data provide a basis for future water conservation scheme design and acceptance. 1 概述 1 Overview

广东省高州水库是广东省的大型病险水库之一,该水库由两个库区组成,之间由联通渠连接。工程扰动范围大,施工周期长,工程建设产生的水土流失影响范围广。本工程取土场多,弃渣场多,是水土流失的主要来源。因此,开展本工程水土保持监测工作,尤其是渣、料场水土保持监测工作是监测的重点。施工期采用钢钎法和简易坡面量测法测项目区水土流失量。植被恢复期采用土壤侵蚀分类分级标准,对项目区侵蚀强度采取定性分析,最终判断出工程水土保持措施是否落实到位,这就是水土流失量监测的最终目的。

Guangdong Province, Guangdong Province Gaozhou reservoir is one of the large reservoir, the reservoir is composed of two reservoir, by Unicom channel connection. Engineering disturbance range is large, long construction cycle, the construction influence wide range of soil erosion. The engineering soil field, residue field, is the main source of soil erosion. Therefore, to carry out monitoring work of soil and water conservation project, especially slag, material field monitoring of soil and water conservation is the focus of monitoring. During the construction of the steel method and simple slope measurement test project area of soil and water loss. The soil erosion classification standard for vegetation recovery period, the qualitative analysis of erosion intensity project area, ultimately determine whether to put in place measures of soil and water conservation project, this is the final purpose of monitoring soil erosion. 2 监测方法

2 monitoring methods

该工程监测方法主要采用调查监测法、地面定位观测法和巡查法。

The engineering monitoring method mainly adopts the investigation method, observation method and inspection method of ground.

(1)调查监测:调查监测是指定期采取全面调查的方式,通过现场实地勘测,采用GPS定位仪结合地形图、数码相机、测距仪、测高仪、标杆和尺子等工具,测定不同分区的的地表扰动不

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同类型的面积。

( 1 ) survey: Survey and monitoring refers to regularly take a comprehensive investigation, through field survey, the GPS locator topographic maps, digital camera, range finder, Grohe, benchmarking and ruler and other tools, determination of different partitions of the surface disturbance of different types of area.

(2)地面定位监测:本工程主要使用钢钎法和简易坡面量测法。

( 2 ) the ground monitoring: the project mainly use steel method and simple slope measurement. 钢钎法:在汛前,将直径0.5~1.0cm、长30cm的钢钎,根据坡面面积,按照横3行,竖4列的布局布设于监测区域,每条钢钎前后左右各相隔2m,样方面积为80m2。钢钎沿铅垂方向打入坡面,距坡面均留5cm,编号登记入册。在每次暴雨后和汛期终了,观测钉帽距地面高度,计算土壤侵蚀厚度(采用均值)和土壤侵蚀量。

Steel Law: in the flood season, the diameter 0.5~1.0cm, length 30cm steel, according to slope area, in accordance with the horizontal line 3, 4 vertical column layout layout in the monitoring area, each steel around each separated 2m, quadrat area of 80m2. The drill rod along the vertical direction into the slope, slope are from 5cm, no.registered. At the end of each time after a rainstorm and flood season, observation cap height from the ground, calculation of soil erosion thickness ( the mean ) and the amount of soil erosion.

简易坡面量测法:在开挖边坡和堆填边坡已经发生侵蚀的地方,通过选定样方,测定样方内侵蚀沟的数量和大小,以及样方坡面面积、初形成的坡度、坡长、地面组成物质等,并记录造成侵蚀沟的降雨,每次降雨或多次降雨后量测侵蚀沟的体积,从而得出各时段的沟蚀量,并通过沟蚀与水蚀的比例计算出流失量。

Method: simple slope erosion place has occurred in the slope excavation and landfill slope, through selected quadrats, number and size were measured intraplating gully erosion, and slope area, were formed in the early slope, slope length, ground substance, and record the resulting erosion ditch rainfall, rainfall or rainfall of times each after measuring the volume of gully erosion, gully erosion so that in each period, and through the gully erosion and water erosion was calculated as the ratio of loss.

(3)巡查法:不定期地进行全线踏勘,若发现较大的流失现象或扰动类型的变化(如出现新堆渣、已堆渣消失、开挖面采取了措施等)及时监测记录。

Inspection method: (3 ) not regularly all reconnaissance, if it is found that the phenomenon of the loss of the larger or change in the type of disturbance ( such as the emergence of new slag, slag heap disappear, excavation face has taken measures timely monitoring and recording ). 3 监测点布设

3 monitoring points arrangement

监测点布设主要指长期定位监测点。根据广东省高州水库除险加固工程的特点和扰动地貌的土地类型划分结果,定位监测主要布设在弃土弃渣场平台和坡面、土料场、大型开挖面、挖方区域、填方区域以及相应的背景值观测点。

Layout of monitoring points mainly refers to the long-term monitoring sites. According to the characteristics of the project reinforcement of Guangdong Province Gaozhou reservoir and the disturbance of landforms of land types classification results, monitoring mainly distributed in the spoil ground platform and slope, soil material, large excavation, excavation area, fill area and the corresponding background observations. 4 监测的实施情况

The implementation of the 4 monitoring

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(1)监测前期:主要采用巡查、调查监测法。组建工作组,调查该工程地理位置、气候水文、地形地貌、土壤类型、原地貌各土地利用类型的面积、植物种类及覆盖度、项目区所属的水土流失类型区、水土流失形式、土壤侵蚀模数背景值水处理设备。

( 1 ) monitoring early : the main use of inspection, investigation and monitoring method. Establish a working group, the investigation of the project location, climate and hydrology, topography, soil type, the original landform area of each land use type, plant species and coverage, the project area belongs to the types of soil and water loss, soil erosion modulus background form of soil erosion. (2)施工期:依据监测方案对项目区进行全线踏勘调查,选定典型地块设立水土流失观测场,对工程建设的水土流失及水土保持措施的拦渣保土状况进行定期定位观测;同时开展面上的调查、巡查监测,及时掌握工程建设过程中水土流失及其防治的动态变化情况,记录工程进展状况、损坏水保设施量、土石方量、弃渣量、水土流失量、流失强度,以及对周边地区生态环境的影响和危害情况。

( 2 ) the construction period: according to monitoring scheme all reconnaissance survey of project area, select typical plots set up observation field soil erosion, for the construction of soil and water loss and soil and water conservation measures on tailing soil conditions were regularly located observation; at the same time to carry out the investigation, inspection monitoring on the surface, to grasp the dynamic changes of soil erosion and its control in the process of engineering construction, recording project status, water conservation facilities, damage amount of earthwork, slag quantity, soil erosion, loss of strength, as well as the impact on the ecological environment of surrounding area and damage.

(3)植被恢复期:采用样地调查及巡查等方法,监测项目区水土保持措施落实情况(数量和质量);工程措施的数量、完好程度和运行情况;植物措施的生长情况、成活率和覆盖度;各项防治措施的拦渣、保土效益等。

( 3 ) the vegetation recovery period: by using the method of sample plot survey and inspection, the implementation of measures of soil and water conservation monitoring project area ( quantity and quality ); the number of intact, engineering measures and operation condition; growth of plant measures, survival rate and coverage; the prevention measures of the debris, and soil conservation benefits etc.. 5 监测数据分析

Analysis of 5 monitoring data

利用钢钎法和简易坡面量测法测得广东省高州水库除险加固工程施工期生土壤流失总量为1.8万t,平均土壤侵蚀强度为8416t\\/km2.a。其中主体工程区产生的水土流失量为1.04万t,是土壤流失的主要来源,平均侵蚀强度为7266t\\/km2.a;其次是取土场区,水土流失量为0.56万t,平均侵蚀强度为12500t\\/km2.a;弃渣场产生的土壤流失为0.10万t,平均侵蚀强度为10800t\\/km2.a;施工(营)场地产生的水土流失量为0.05万t,平均侵蚀强度为4800t\\/km2.a;临时道路产生的水土流失量为0.04万t,平均侵蚀强度为8000t\\/km2.a。

Guangdong Province measured Gaozhou reservoir reinforcement project construction period produced a total of soil loss amount was 18000 T using steel method and simple method for measuring the intensity of soil erosion on slope, 8416t\\/km2.a of average. The soil and water loss amount of the principal part of the project area is 10400 T, is a major source of soil erosion, the average erosion intensity is 7266t\\/km2.a; second is soil area, soil erosion amount was 5600 T, the average erosion intensity is 12500t\\/km2.a; the loss of slag field produced by the soil was 1000 t, the average erosion intensity of construction ( 10800t\\/km2.a; camp) soil erosion field generated is 500 t, the average erosion intensity is 4800t\\/km2.a; the amount of soil erosion of temporary road

is 400 t, the average erosion intensity is 8000t\\/km2.a.

植被恢复期,根据项目区的地形条件、植被覆盖率和降雨情况,对项目区地表类型进行分类,项目区的植被覆盖率为58.7%,其中建筑物及固化面积为24.96hm2,本区域不产生水土流失;平地面积为35.50hm2,本区域产生的水土流失为微度流失;坡度为5~8°的面积为12.33hm2,本区域产生轻度流失;坡度为8~15°的面积为5.05hm2,本区域产生轻度流失。项目区多年的平均降雨量为1938.8mm,施工期项目区的年平均降雨量为1787mm。hdpe土工膜根据植被覆盖率、地形条件和降雨量综合分析得出,植被恢复期的土壤侵蚀强度小于500t\\/km2.a。

Vegetation restoration period, according to the rate of rainfall and vegetation cover terrain conditions, the project area, the classification of the project area surface type, the project area of vegetation coverage is 58.7%, of which the building and curing area of 24.96hm2, the region produces no water and soil erosion; land area of 35.50hm2, the area of soil erosion is slight erosion; slope area is 5~8°12.33hm2, this region produces mild erosion; slope area is 8~15°5.05hm2, this region produces mild loss. Average annual rainfall over the project area is 1938.8mm, the project construction period the average annual precipitation is 1787mm. According to the vegetation coverage and rainfall, terrain analysis, vegetation restoration of soil erosion intensity is less than 500t\\/km2.a.

施工期项目区水土流失量的监测通过采取桩钉法、简易坡面量测法对不同类型的施工工区进行了监测,批复的方案的防止责任范围是96.81hm2(扣除淹没区面积),预测的水土流失量为5.13万t,项目区的土壤侵蚀模数为52990t\\/km2.a,侵蚀强度属于剧烈侵蚀级别;实际监测的防治责任范围是77.84hm2,实测的水土流失量为1.8万t;施工期实测水土流失量比方案预测值减少了3.33万t。

By taking the post method, simple slope method has carried on the monitor to the construction area of different types of soil erosion monitoring project construction period, the scope of the responsibility to prevent the reply of the scheme is 96.81hm2 (net of flooded area ), the prediction of soil loss amount was 51300 T, the modulus of soil erosion in the project area is 52990t\\/km2.a, erosion strength belongs to the responsibility of preventing severe erosion level; the actual monitoring of 77.84hm2, soil erosion quantity measured is 18000 T; the construction period measured quantity of soil and water loss ratio for the predictive value is reduced by 33300 t.

植被恢复期项目区的土壤侵蚀强度低于500t\\/km2.a。监测结果表明,扰动后的项目区经过水土流失治理,项目区的水土保持布局更为合理,生态环境改善明显。

Vegetation restoration project area of soil erosion intensity is lower than 500t\\/km2.a. The monitoring results show that, after the project area after the disturbance of soil erosion control, soil and water conservation project layout area is more reasonable, the ecological environment improved significantly.

植被恢复期,根据项目区的地形条件、植被覆盖率和降雨情况,对项目区地表类型进行分类,项目区的植被覆盖率为58.7%,其中建筑物及固化面积为24.96hm2,本区域不产生水土流失;平地面积为35.50hm2,本区域产生的水土流失为微度流失;坡度为5~8°的面积为12.33hm2,本区域产生轻度流失;坡度为8~15°的面积为5.05hm2,本区域产生轻度流失。项目区多年的平均降雨量为1938.8mm,施工期项目区的年平均降雨量为1787mm。根据植被覆盖率、地形条件和降雨量综合分析得出,植被恢复期的土壤侵蚀强度小于500t\\/km2.a。

Vegetation restoration period, according to the rate of rainfall and vegetation cover terrain conditions, the project area, the classification of the project area surface type, the project area of vegetation coverage is 58.7%, of which the building and curing area of 24.96hm2, the region produces no water and soil erosion; land area of 35.50hm2, the area of soil erosion is slight

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erosion; slope area is 5~8°12.33hm2, this region produces mild erosion; slope area is 8~15°5.05hm2, this region produces mild loss. Average annual rainfall over the project area is 1938.8mm, the project construction period the average annual precipitation is 1787mm. According to the vegetation coverage and rainfall, terrain analysis, vegetation restoration of soil erosion intensity is less than 500t\\/km2.a.

施工期项目区水土流失量的监测通过采取桩钉法、简易坡面量测法对不同类型的施工工区进行了监测,批复的方案的防止责任范围是96.81hm2(扣除淹没区面积),预测的水土流失量为5.13万t,项目区的土壤侵蚀模数为52990t\\/km2.a,侵蚀强度属于剧烈侵蚀级别;实际监测的防治责任范围是77.84hm2,实测的水土流失量为1.8万t;施工期实测水土流失量比方案预测值减少了3.33万t。

By taking the post method, simple slope method has carried on the monitor to the construction area of different types of soil erosion monitoring project construction period, the scope of the responsibility to prevent the reply of the scheme is 96.81hm2 (net of flooded area ), the prediction of soil loss amount was 51300 T, the modulus of soil erosion in the project area is 52990t\\/km2.a, erosion strength belongs to the responsibility of preventing severe erosion level; the actual monitoring of 77.84hm2, soil erosion quantity measured is 18000 T; the construction period measured quantity of soil and water loss ratio for the predictive value is reduced by 33300 t. 植被恢复期项目区的土壤侵蚀强度低于500t\\/km2.a。监测结果表明, 复合土工膜扰动后的项目区经过水土流失治理,项目区的水土保持布局更为合理,生态环境改善明显。

Vegetation restoration project area of soil erosion intensity is lower than 500t\\/km2.a. The monitoring results show that, after the project area after the disturbance of soil erosion control, soil and water conservation project layout area is more reasonable, the ecological environment improved significantly.