562 科技通报 第24卷 (quinacrilqte)存在时细菌和原生动物数量不变或 传统的生物消毒法主要是利用好氧堆肥或 者增加,但每克土壤增加0.5mg灭滴灵(metron— idazole),土壤原生动物数量减少10倍;氯喹(2~ 16 mg・g 土)、灭滴灵(0.5~4 mg・g 土)、二盐酸 喹、r(206~10.6 mg.g 土)对豆科植物生长有影 者厌氧高温发酵过程的高温(50~70cc)杀灭病 菌。为节约能耗,常温厌氧发酵生物消毒技术成 为当前研究的热点。C6t6等人E47]研究结果表明 20cc条件下.序批式反应器工艺厌氧发酵处理不 同来源的猪场废水,水力停留20 d时.总大肠菌 (t0tal coliforIBS)减少97.94%~100%,大肠杆菌 (E coli)99.67%~100%,沙门氏杆菌,隐孢子虫和 响。Fernandez等人l 37 j研究表明.75~7500 p ̄g/mL 的强力霉素(doxycycline)对植物和蚯蚓没有影 响,但强力霉素达到7500 lxg/mL时。土壤表层土 磷酸酶活性下降40%~50%.土壤微生物活性受 到抑制。 抗生素污染控制方法主要有生物法、化学氧 化法及电化学氧化法三类 传统废水生物处理工 艺液相中磺胺类物质去除达到92%.但出水中仍 有磺胺检出138]。一些抗生素不具有生物降解性 . Kim等人 利用SBR生物反应器处理四环素废 水的研究结果表明微生物不能降解四环素.活性 污泥吸附是四环素在生物反应器中去除的主要 途径。Chamberlain与Adams 利用自由氯氧化 技术去除地表水磺胺类抗生素.研究结果表明在 25 ̄C、pH&1 1、停留时间2h、自由氯1 mg/L条件 下.抗生素平均去除率达到88% Laridi等人[421利 用电化学絮凝沉淀(electrocoagulation)的方法去 除猪场废水生物滤池处理出水中包括抗生素在 内的残留有机物.研究结果表明30 min内铝双 极电解系统(aluminum bipolar electrode,A1一BP) 与铁双极电解系统(iron monopolar electrode,Fe— MP)系统分别在0.5 A和2.0 A电流条件下均可 使包括抗生素在内的生物难降解有机物得到有 效去除.COD去除率为65%~68%,BOD去除率 达到87% 考虑能量消耗及金属污泥处置.两个 处理系统的处理费用分别为0.24¥/m 和0.29¥/ m,。另外。砂滤工艺通过物理截留作用对泰乐素 等抗生素有去除作用、适合于农村地区推广l 4 3 _3 有害微生物及其消毒技术畜禽养殖废弃物中有害微生物主要是一些 抗生素耐性菌、芽胞梭菌(Clostridium)与真杆菌 (Eubacterium)致恶臭菌042、和包括沙门氏杆菌 (Salmonella),耶耳辛氏肠道杆菌(Yersinia entero— colitica).隐孢子虫(Cryptosporidium),贾第虫 (Giardi口)在内的病原菌[45]。畜禽养殖废弃物消毒 的主要方法有生物、化学和物理三类 ]。 贾第虫未检出 化学法消毒的同时也可解决一些其它问题 Tofant等人 研究结果表明在Ag与Fe离子的催 化作用下.过氧化氢能有效地杀灭好氧嗜温性细 菌(aerobic mesophilic bacteria)和总大肠菌,同时 能够去除猪场废水的色度及恶臭气味 在新鲜猪 粪中投加碱性物质杀灭致恶臭菌的同时与恶臭 挥发性酸反应生成盐类.除臭效果明显 。物理 消毒法主要有热处理(如巴斯德消毒)、焚烧、紫 外线消毒 因热消毒过程中可能使畜禽养殖废弃 物中有机物分解,使其资源化利用价值降低.实 际应用较少 各消毒技术应用于畜禽废水微生物杀灭效 果并不一致。Macauley等人[49 _对比了氯、紫外线、 臭氧杀灭猪场氧化塘(1ag00n)储存污水中氯四环 素(chlortetracycline,CTC),林肯霉素(1incomycin, LIN),磺胺甲嘧啶(sulfamethazine.SMN)和四环 素(tetracycline,TET)耐性细菌的效果,结果表明 30 mg/L的氯可杀灭2.2~3.4 log细菌.但由于芽 孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis) 和地衣芽孢杆菌 (Bacillsu lichen@rm )等耐氯细菌的存在,增加 氯剂量无法进一步提高杀菌效率 由于猪场污水 本身及所含悬浮物对紫外线的吸收作用.紫外线 消毒效果差。不适合于猪场污水消毒 臭氧在 100 mg/L剂量下的杀毒效果可达到3-3~3.9 log 4 结语 我国畜禽养殖废弃物资源化利用生态风险 防控技术的研究尚处起步阶段.为了实现畜禽养 殖与种植业的安全链接.畜禽养殖业可持续发 展。亟需深入开展以下工作:调查施用畜禽粪便 地区土壤质量,探明重金属、抗生素、雌激素、有 害微生物等畜禽养殖废弃物污染物在环境中行 为规律:建立畜禽养殖废弃物有机有害物质的标 维普资讯 http://www.cqvip.com 第4期 韩志英等.畜禽养殖废弃物主要有害成份及其控制技术研究进展 563 准检测方法.为畜禽养殖废弃物农业利用的环境 风险评价提供指标依据:开发可去除多种有害物 质的畜禽养殖废弃物生态风险综合防治技术。 tions in horticulture crops[J].Scientia Horticulture, 1999,78:127—157. erra heavy cattle manure [14] Hao X,Chang C.Does long—tapplication increase salinity of a clay loam soil in se— mi—arid southen Alrberta?[J]Agriculture Ecosystems 参考文献: [1] Nicholson F A,Chambers B J,Williams J R,et a1. 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