四六级长难句详解

这是本人逐字敲击的东东，希望能够同学有所帮助

胡诚

第一部分 难句分类辨析(517) ....................................................................................................... 1

第一章 定语从句（39） .......................................................................................................................................... 1 第二章 倒装句（60） .............................................................................................................................................. 7 第三章 分割结构（68） ........................................................................................................................................ 16 第四章 省略（43） ................................................................................................................................................ 27 第五章 并列平行结构（52） ................................................................................................................................ 34 第六章 同位语（37） ............................................................................................................................................ 43 第七章 分词作状语（61） .................................................................................................................................... 48 第八章 否定句（） ............................................................................................................................................ 58 第九章 比较结构（29） ........................................................................................................................................ 65 第十章 it的用法（44） ......................................................................................................................................... 69 第十一章 词义的正确选择（28） ............................................................................................................................ 76

第二部分 复杂难句解析(181) ..................................................................................................... 81 The end ........................................................................................................................................... 83

第一部分 难句分类辨析(517)

第一章 定语从句（39）

1、 Libraries made education possible, and education in its turn added to libraries: the growth of knowledge followed a kind of compound-interest law, which was greatly enhanced by the invention of printing.

2、 If they can each be trusted to take such responsibilities, and to exercise such initiative as falls within their sphere, then administrative overhead will be low.

3、 There are probably no questions we can think up that can’t be answered, sooner or later, including even the matter of consciousness.

4、 The curtain was rung down in that phase of history, at least, by the

sudden invention of the hydrogen bomb, of the ballistic missile and rockets that can be aimed to hit the moon.

5、 Studies of Weddell seal in the laboratory have described the physiological mechanisms that allow the seals to cope with the extreme oxygen deprivation that occurs during its longest dives, which can extend 500 meters below the ocean’s surface and last for over 70 minutes.

6、 The renaissance of the feminist movement began during the 1950’s led to the Stasist school, which sidestepped the good bad dichotomy and argued that frontier women lived lives similar to the lives of women in the East.

7、 Tom, the book’s protagonist, took issue with a man who doted on his household pet yet, as a slave merchant, thought “nothing of separating the husband from the wife, the parents from the children”

8、 We are not conscious of extent to which work provides the psychological satisfaction that can make the difference between a full and an empty life.

9、 Thus, the unity that should characterize the strong system is developed by affording opportunity for diversity, which appears to be essential if education is to develop in consideration of the needs of children and youth.

10、 Automobiles have been designed which operate on liquid hydrogen, but these systems give rise to seemingly unavoidable problems arising from the

handling of a cryogenic liquid.

11、 It is designed to make students study, which should be their immediate mission in life.

12、 We know that a cat, whose eyes can take in many more ray of light than our eyes, can see clearly in the night.

13、 Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.

14、 While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past.

15、 While this boundary does not mark the outer limit of a State’s territory, since in international law the territorial sea forms part of a State’s territory, it does represent the demarcation between that maritime area (internal waters) where other States enjoy no general rights, and those maritime area (the territorial sea and other zones) where other States do enjoy certain general rights.

16、 He finds that students who were easy to teach because they succeeded in putting everything they had been taught into practice, hesitate when confronted with the vast untouched area of English vocabulary and usage which

falls outside the scope of basic textbooks.

17、 The reader who peruses with some attention the following pages will have occasion to see that both operational and mental aspects of physics have their place, but that neither should be stressed to the exclusion of the other.

18、 The public is unhappy about the way society is going, and its view, fueled in part by the agendists and the media, seems to be that judicial decisions unacceptable to them, regardless of the evidence or the law, will slow or change social directions.

19、 But I would like to do the same with the acclaim too, by using this moment as a pinnacle from which I might be listened to by the young men and women already dedicated to the same anguish and travail, among whom is already that one who will some day stand here where I am standing.

20、 The samples should preferably be taken from points in the rig where the flow is turbulent so that the contaminant is kept well mixed in the oil.

21、 Our hope for creative living in this world house that we have inherited lies in our ability to re-establish the moral ends of our lives in personal character and social justice.

22、 From the very day of the capitulation, by which Bismark’s prisoners had signed the surrender of France but reserved to themselves a numerous bodyguard

for the express purpose of cowing Paris, Paris stood on the watch.

23、 When I’m having trouble with a story and think about giving up, or when I start to feel sorry for myself and think things should be easier for me, I roll a piece of paper into that cranky old machine and type, word by painful word, just the way my mother did.

24、 What should doctors say, for example, to a 46-year-old man coming in for a routine physical check up just before going on vacation with his family who, though he feels in perfect health, is found to have a form of cancer that will cause him to die with in six months.

25、 Between midnight and dawn, when sleep will not come and all the old wounds begin to ache, I often have a nightmare vision of a future world in which there are billions of people, all numbered and registered, with not a gleam of genius anywhere, not an original mind, a rich personality, on the whole packed globe.

26、 It [society] needs man who can be prompted without an aim except the aim to be on the move, to function, to go ahead.

27、 Then he would publish the poem, sometimes years before the music that went with it was written.

28、 We live in a narrowed world where we must be alert, awake to realism;

and realism demands a standard which either must be met or result in failure.

29、 We can expose our children to the best values we have found.

30、 In short, you will act like the sort of person you conceive yourself to be.

31、 To us, a winner is one who responds authentically by being credible, trustworthy, responsive, and genuine, both as an individual and as a member of a society.

32、 Those most loved are invariably those who have the capacity for believing in others.

33、 Americans who stem from generations which left their old people behind and never closed their parents’ eyelids in death, and who have experienced the death provided by two world wars fought far from our shores are today pushing away from them both a recognition of death and a recognition of the way we live our lives.

34、 God, I’m glad I can talk about it with you-probably you’re the only outlet that I’ll have that won’t get tired of my talking about writing.

35、 Certainly the humanist thinkers of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, who are our ideological ancestors, thought that the goal of life was the unfolding of a person’s potentialities; what mattered to them was the person

who is much, not the one who has much or uses much.

36、 How much easier, how much more satisfying it is for you who can see to grasp quickly the essential qualities of another person by watching the subtleties of expression the quiver of a muscle, the flutter of a hand.

37、 Her woebegone expression, her hang-dog manner, her over-anxiousness to please, or perhaps her unconscious hostility towards those she anticipated will affront her－all act to drive away those whom she would attract.

38、 There is a very long list of such “perhapses”, few of which we are in a position to evaluate with any degree of assurance.

39、 If marriage exists only as an intimate relationship that can be terminated at will, and family exists only by virtue of bonds of affection, both marriage and family are relegated to the market-place of trading places, with individuals maximizing their psychological capital by moving through a series of more or less satisfying intimate relationships.

第二章 倒装句（60）

1. For example, they do not compensate for social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.

2. Nonstop waves of immigrants played a role, too and so did bigger crops of babies as yesterday’s “baby boom” generation reached its child-bearing years.

3. Much as I have traveled, I have never seen anyone to equal her in thoroughness, whatever the job.

4. odd though it sounds, cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary-particle physics, and some astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true.

5. Only when you have acquired a good knowledge of grammar can you write correctly.

6. Nowhere do 1980 census statistics dramatize more the American search for spacious living than in the Far West.

7. In no country other than Britain, it has been said, can one experience four seasons in the course of a single day.

8. We have been told that under no circumstances may we use the telephone in the office for personal affairs.

9. Not since Americans crossed the continent in covered wagons have they exercised and dieted as vigorously as they are doing today.

10. Not until these fundamental subjects were sufficiently advanced was it

possible to solve the main problems of flight mechanics.

11. Little did we expect that he would fulfil his task so rapidly.

12. Hardly had he begun to speak when the audience interrupted him.

13. This means that no sooner has he got used to one routine than he has to change to another, so that much of his time is spent neither working nor sleeping very efficiently.

14. Not only did white men encroach upon the Indians’ hunting grounds, but they rapidly destroyed the Indians’ principal means of existence－the buffalo.

15. So great was the honour that the winner of the foot race gave his name to the year of his victory.

16. To such lengths did she go in rehearsal that two actors walked out.

17. In this class are ads that suggest that the product will satisfy some basic human desires.

18. Emerging from the 1980 census is the picture of a nation developing more and more regional competition, as population growth in the Northeast and Midwest reaches a near standstill.

19. Coupled with the growing quantity of information is the development of

technologies which enable the storage and delivery of more of information with greater speed to more locations than has ever been possible before.

20. “Important information can get buried in a sea of trivialities” says a law professor at Cornell Law School who helped draft the new guidelines.

21. How their results compared with modern standards, we unfortunately have no means of telling.

22. The inner workings of our own brains we feel to be uniquely worthy of investigation, but custom, we have a way of thinking, is behavior at its most commonplace.

23. The American baby boom after the war made unconvincing U.S. advice to poor countries that they restrain their births.

24. Certain it is that all essential processes of plant growth and development occur in water.

25. We really should not resent being called paupers. Paupers we are, and paupers we shall remain.

26. The nobler and more perfect a thing is, the later and slower it is in arriving at maturity.

27. This is the world out of which grows the hope, for the first time in history,

of a society where there will be freedom from want and freedom from fear.

28. Today the main economic activities of the family are in the nature of consumption－however productive may be what some of its members do in society.

29. Of the intrinsic differences that separate American from English the chief have their roots in the obvious disparity between the environment and traditions of the American people since the seventeenth century and those of the English.

30. Especially was this importance impressed on me when I realized how much Hollywood was involved in exporting American life to the world, and how much Broadway with all its theatres meant to the modern drama.

31. Lost in the euphoria of success is any thought that－in another place, at another time－it may well be naval air power without the support of any land-based air power that carries the day.

32. Underlying much of the desire for change, too, was the feeling of many of the world’s newly independent states that they had never had a part in framing traditional doctrine.

33. Not only was man now able to see with measured precision independently of visibility, but he could now “see” such objects as aircraft at ranges far in excess of those possible even under ideal optical conditions with

normal vision.

34. Forgotten is any idea that naval air power is not power unto itself, but part and parcel of naval power－trained, supported, operated, and commanded by people well-versed in the intricacies of war at sea and war from the sea.

35. This I propose to offer, pledging that the larger purposes will bind upon us all as a sacred obligation with a unity of duty hitherto evoked only in time of armed strife.

36. These measures, or such other measures as the Congress may build out of its experience and wisdom, I shall seek, within my constitutional authority, to bring to speedy adoption.

37. Slap-slap-slap-slap… Around and around a submariner goes, the soft-soled shoes beating a rhythm on the hard, shiny floor in a Trident submarine. People on shore might grasp the instant irony of a man jogging to prolong his life around weapons capable of destroying two hundred cities.

38. Friends who are near to me I know well, because through the months and years they reveal themselves to me in all their phases; but of casual friends I have only an incomplete impression, an impression gained from a handclasp spoken words.

39. Closely related with this is the capacity to be tolerant－not, indeed, of

what is wrong, but of the frailty and immaturity of human nature which induce people, and again especially children, to make mistakes.

40. According to Newton’s first law of motion a body is in motion but actually never is there a body which will remain in motion forever because it is impossible to get rid of external influence.

41. Added to that difficulty is the need for the media, for economic and journalistic reasons, to present a controversial perspective, which is not usually as objective as we might wish.

42. Only now that I’ve struggled to find patience in myself when Matthew insists he help me paint the house or saw down dead trees in the back yard am I able to see that day through my father’s eyes.

43. This process, difficult and complex as it is, is simple compared to the job of discovering that new kinds of corn could be developed, or to the job of discovering how to develop them.

44. Among the advantages that future biochips, or “living computers”, would have over conventional semiconductor chips are that they are smaller, they do not generate as much heat, and they allow for the parallel processing of information, making them faster than today’s semiconductor devices.

45. Into this area of Industry came millions of Europeans who made of it

what became known as the “melting pot”, the fusion of people from many nations into Americans.

46. Neither would it prevent cruise missiles or bombers, whose flights are within the Earth’s atmosphere, from hitting their targets.

47. From each of them [book] goes out its own voice, as inaudible as the streams of sound conveyed by electric waves beyond the range of our hearing, and just as the touch of a button on our stereo will fill the room with music, so by opening one of these volumes, one can call into range a voice far distant in time and space, and hear it speaking, mind to mind, heart to heart.

48. His students might feel inclined to counter these with the words: “The more I learn, the less I know.”

49. In the motorized wheelchair, a boyish face dimly illuminated by a glowing computer screen attached to the left armrest, is Stephen William Hawking, 46, one of the world’s greatest theoretical physicists.

50. Rather than a particular method, the success of science has more to do with an attitude common to scientists.

51. Of primary interest in business and technical research reports is the validity of the results as the bases for company decisions.

52. He wrote operas, and no sooner did he have the synopsis of a story but he would invite－or rather summon－a crowd of his friends to his house and read it aloud to them.

53. Not only did he seem incapable of supporting himself, but it never occurred to him that he was under any obligation to do so.

. I might have been incredulous had I not been accustomed to such response, for long ago I became convinced that the seeing see little.

55. Then, down the crowded thoroughfare comes the University of Cambridge’s most distinctive vehicle, bearing its most distinguished citizen.

56. A nice example is that dreaded polar ice cap, which some scientists say isn’t starting to melt at all but instead will shortly begin to enlarge rapidly, giving birth to a new ice age that soon will cover the entire United States.

57. Were it not for the feather lost in departure, no one would have known that the white bird had ever been.

58. Sir Isaac Newton was one of the pioneers in investigating viscosity, and on his analysis depends the definition of the coefficient.

59. A widely known achievement of radio electronics is an electronic calculating machine that can perform several thousand arithmetical operations in

one second.

60. Nearly all our clothes are made from fibres of one sort or another, be they derived from plants, animals, coal or petroleum and all these fibres, when they are carefully examined, are seen to consist of long chain molecules.

第三章 分割结构（68）

1. Most novelists and historians writing in the early to mid-twentieth

century who considered women in the West, when they considered women at all, fell under Turner’s spell.

2. Abraham Lincoln is the most famous instance of the claim that

Americans often made that in their country a man may rise from the lowest to the highest position.

3. Comments are often made about activities which are relatively easy and

satisfying like arranging flowers; but not about jobs which are hard and dirty, like scraping floors.

4. The main burden of assuring that the resources of the federal

government are well managed falls on relatively few of the five million men and women it employs.

5. Those unaware of what is happening in philosophy today may be

surprised to learn that few academic philosophers address the sort of problems once studied in college: death, the existence of God, the cardinal virtues, the external world, or the prospects for happiness.

6. In the last eight years there were difficult, almost non-stop negotiations

and reported threats of failure, ultimately overcome by a combination of creative compromise and stubborn determination—indeed, some call it unprecedented determination—succeed.

7. As mystery gave way to mastery, whole bodies of custom, tradition and

law arose defining the rights of the ships and mariners who plied the waters and of the states on the rim of the sea.

8. Indeed, until adoption of the 1982 Convention, the argument could be

made that there existed no adequate and comprehensive maritime treaty law as such for the larger part of the world community.

9. The discovery of surplus value suddenly threw light on the problem, in

trying to solve which all previous investigations, of both bourgeois economists and social critics, had been groping in the dark.

10. Even being good at getting other people to fight for you and telling

them how to do it most efficiently—this, after all, is what conquerors and generals have done—is not being civilized.

11. That such a conjunction of circumstances might occur again soon,

especially considering shrinking U.S. defense budgets and diminishing overseas base access, is problematical at best.

12. “A better knowledge of China’s civilization would lay open to us an

empire of learning, hitherto fabulously described.”

13. It means that the United States, as compared with that position we

found ourselves in immediately after World War Ⅱ, had a challenge such as we did not even dream of.

14. It is the insistence, as a first consideration, upon the interdependence of

the various elements in, and parts of, the United States—a recognition of the old and permanently important manifestation of the American spirit of the pioneer.

15. No man thinks more highly than I do of the patriotism, as well as abilities,

of the very worthy gentlemen who have just addressed the house.

16. Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this

continent, a new nation, conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.

17. Science has become so important in the modern world, with its

procedures so highly standardized and so widely accepted, that it is included among modern social institutions.

18. There is an understandable fascination in handing destroyers which

often leads to the taking of unnecessary chances.

19. The atom bomb has merely brought home to us, harshly, as a matter of

life and death, what has long been growing: our failure to face, our refusal to face, as individuals and as nations, the place of science in our world.

20. Now Congress, in apparent agreement, has required by law that

businesses awarded federal contracts of more than ＄500,000 do their best to find minority subcontractors and record their efforts to do so on forms filed with the government.

21. Old Henry and his wife Phoebe were as fond of each other as it is

possible for two old people to be who have nothing else in this life to be fond of .

22. No really satisfactory photograph has ever been taken of one in a wild

state, no zoologist, however intrepid, has been able to keep the animal under close and constant observation in the dark jungles in which he lives.

23. During the 1980s, revolutionary changes in the work lives of Americans,

caused by technological advances which will permit greater productivity by fewer workers, will likely result in shortened work weeks, increased released time for workers, and increased pressure for early retirements.

24. The organization of districts that meet the criteria suggested would

make it possible to resolved the small-school problem in all except isolated and sparsely populated areas where such schools may have to be continued regardless of higher costs.

25. I forget which was the first distemper I plunged into—some fearful,

devastating scourge, I know—and, before I had glanced half down the list of “premonitory symptoms”, it was borne in upon me that I had fairly got it.

26. What is special about Man’s brain, compared with that of the monkey,

is the complex system which enables a child to connect the sight and feel of, say, a teddy-bear with the sound pattern “teddy-bear”.

27. But, for a small group of students, professional training might be the way

to go since all other factors being equal, well-developed skills, can be the difference between having a job and not.

28. It is, everyone agree, a colossal task that the child perform when he

learns to speak, and the fact that he does so in so short a period of time challenges explanation.

29. The more people there are and the more crowded their living conditions,

authorities warn, the greater the likelihood of violence and upheaval.

30. All high school graduates ought to go to college, says conventional

wisdom and statistical evidence, because college will help them earn more money,

become “better” people, and learn to be more responsible citizens than those who don’t go.

31. In what sense does a novel dealing skillfully and realistically with a

society and its standards, which are dead and gone forever, have value in our very different world today?

32. While it is a well-known fact that the fish life in no two river systems,

even though they empty into the sea on the same side of a divide, is exactly identical, such streams do have many species in common.

33. Every particle has acting on it a force which urges it downward.

34. Initially I had doubted their claim, knowing for a fact that the center was

located somewhere in New England.

35. A contiguous zone is an area extending seaward from the territorial sea

in which the coastal or island nation may exercise the control necessary to prevent or punish infringement of its customs, along with its fiscal, immigration, and sanitary laws and regulations that occur within its territory or territorial sea (but not for so-called security purposes).

36. A new trend in radio broadcasting that developed during the late 1960s

was the “talk show”, featuring conversations between listeners and announcers or guests in the studio.

37. The mineral elements from the soil that are usable by the plant must be

dissolved in the soil solution before they can be taken into the root.

38. No one can be a great thinker who does not realize that as a thinker it is

her first duty to follow her intellect to whatever conclusions it may lead.

39. As they grow old, people also accumulate belongings for two other

reasons: lack of physical and mental energy—both of which are essential in turning out and throwing away—and sentiment.

40. The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang,

first put forward in the 1920s, to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos.

41. Present-day man is in a peculiar and probably temporary stage. His

individual units retain a strong sense of personality. They are, in fact, still capable under favourable circumstances of leading individual lives.

42. The Consultation stressed the importance of widening awareness on the

part of donor countries and recipient countries requesting the technical cooperation of the impact on the development of the issue with which the Consultation dealt.

43. While warnings are often appropriate and necessary—the dangers of

drug interactions, for example—and many are required by state or federal

regulations, it isn’t clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured.

44. If its message were confined merely to information—and that in itself

would be difficult if not impossible to achieve, for even a detail such as the choice of the colour of a shirt is subtly persuasive—advertising would be so boring that no one would pay any attention.

45. Protests and demonstrations are being staged in the U.S. where

opposition is mounting to the construction of a ＄70 billion nuclear waste storage plant near the Mexican border.

46. Those who believe in capital punishment may have arguments for its

retention, but surely no reasonable argument can be found for retention of the sickening mumbo-jumbo that accompanies it from the moment that the judge dons the black cap with what looks like a pen-wiper balanced on the top of his wig, to the reading of the burial service over the condemned man before he is dead.

47. Lecky believed, however, that if you could change the student’s

self-conception, which underlies this viewpoint, his attitude towards the subject would change accordingly.

48. There are those, of course, who would adopt the epicurean motto

of ’Eat, drink, and be merry’, but most people would be chastened by the certainty of impending death.

49. And numerous experiments have shown once the concept of self is

changed, other things consistent with the new concept of self are accomplished easily and without strain.

50. He had no thought of the time to come when his muscles would not be

so mighty, nor his health so superb, and when he would not be able to work harder.

51. Rock temperatures as low as 100℃ may be useful for space heating,

however, for producing electricity, temperatures greater than 200℃ are desirable.

52. The standard research report, regardless of the field or the intended

reader, contains four major sections.

53. The second major section of the research report details, with as much

data as possible, exactly how the study was carried out.

. He played the piano like a composer, in the worst sense of what that

implies, and he would sit down at the piano before parties that included some of the finest pianists of his time, and play for them, by the hour, his own music, needless to say.

55. My grandfather’s glum genes, which skipped my merry father, have

reflowered in me as a major, all-purpose anxiety.

56. Hawking was born on Jan. 8, 1942-300 years to the day, he often notes,

after the death of Galileo.

57. It is the admission of ignorance that leads to progress, not so much

because the solving of a particular puzzle leads directly to a new piece of understanding but because the puzzle — if it interests enough scientists — leads to work.

58. The teacher, for his part, frequently reduced to trying to explain the

inexplicable, may take refuge in quoting proverbs to his colleagues such as: “You can lead a horse to the water but you can’t make him drink,” or, more respectfully if less grammatically: “it isn’t what you say. It’s the way that you say it.”

59. The marvelous new militancy which has engulfed the Negro community

must not lead us to a distrust of all white people, for many of our white brothers, as evidenced by their presence here today, have come to realize that their destiny is tied up with our destiny and their freedom is inextricably bound to our freedom.

60. Anyone considering taking part in a work of transformation of those

forms of older art which seem to us in many ways unsatisfactory, so that they should be more in turn with the changing times, and anyone who does not quail at the prospect of seeking out new forms of expression for new materials and new building function, will find spiritual kinship, observing Borromini’s buildings.

61. If there is a characteristic that distinguishes the scientist from the others,

it is perhaps his independence of mind, which demands demonstrable evidence to enable him to form his own judgment, and his unwillingness to accept uncritically the views of authorities on matters within his speciality.

62. It could also be one kind of Argentine takeover that Britain might now be

able to live with-provided, of course, that the issue of trespassing on the company’s private property can be resolved short of full-scale war.

63. If I win it you shall have any situation that is in my gift-any, that is, that

you shall be able to prove yourself familiar with and competent to fill.

. The second aspect is the application by all members of society, from the

government official to the ordinary citizen, of the special methods of thought and action that scientists use in their work.

65. Such an interaction occurs, for example, when the technologist, in

applying a particular concept of pure science to a practical problem, reveals a gap or limitation in the theoretical model, thus pointing the way for further basic research.

66. Researchers have established that when people are mentally engaged,

biochemical changes occur in the brain that allow it to act more effectively in cognitive areas such as attention and memory.

67. In the Middle ages widespread use was made of arguments from

analogy, on the belief that the universe formed an ordered structure that the macrocosmic pattern of the whole is reproduced in the microcosmic pattern of parts so that it is possible to draw inferences by analogy from one to the other.

68. Airliner captains, unable until now to negotiate a move to a different

flight level where the winds might be more favourable, sensibly carry extra fuel on top of the reserves legally required.

第四章 省略（43）

1. Someone traveling alone, if hungry, injured, or ill, often had nowhere to turn except to the nearest cabin or settlement.

2. Once set in motion, objects will continue moving with constant speed in a straight line until some resistance makes them stop.

3. Although cannot be seen, air possesses weight just as other gases (do).

4. The breakthroughs would create as much danger as they would hope.

5. The eggs of the Mojave shrimp are the size and have the appearance of grains of sand.

6. The largest known raindrops are slightly less than a quarter-inch across, or would be if they were perfectly round.

7. More countries can now make nuclear bombs than advanced microprocessor chips.

8. Anything from cosmic rays to radiation to diet may activate a dormant oncogene, but how remains unknown.

9. As families move away from their stable community, their friends of many years, and their extended family relationship, the informal flow of informations cut off, and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable.

10. In 1970 the output of aluminium from the plant amounted to about 10 per cent of that of the country; of copper 8 per cent.

11. It is of interest of note that the US consumes more than one-half of the world’s supply of energy; the continent of Asia only 1/20.

12. Until recently, the scientific community was so powerful that is could afford to ignore its critics——but no longer.

13. In their hearts, women think it is men’s business to earn money and theirs to spend it——if possible during their husband’s life, but, at any rate, (they will spend it) after his death.

14. Relational feminists, while agreeing that equal educational and

economic opportunities outside the home should be available for all women, continued to emphasize women’s special contributions to society as homemakers and mothers; …

15. Even now, when the continents have been mapped and their interiors made accessible by road, river and air, most of the world’s people live no more than 200 miles from the sea and relate closely to it.

16. A missile with an imaging seeker could send images back to the launch platform, allowing an operator to positively identify targets, to command the missile to switch from one target to another or to reacquire the true target, if seduced by a decoy.

17. The top Presidential appointees include high-level appointees who—though often requiring clearance through political or interest group channels, or both—must have known scientific or technical competence.

18. Fighting means killing, and civilized peoples ought to be able to find some way of settling their disputes other than by seeing which side can kill off the greater number of the other side, and then saying that that side which has killed most has won. And not only has won, but, because it has won, has been in the right.

19. The orderly transfer of authority as called for in the Constitution routinely takes place as it has for almost two centuries, and few of us stop to think

how unique we really are.

20. It may frequently be desired that the dam serve several purposes at the same time; if and how far this is possible in any special case will depend on the variation of reservoir inflow, …

21. A robot slave can be trained to the requirements of a particular home and can be programmed to carry out half a dozen or more standard operations( for example, scrubbing, sweeping and dusting, washing up, laying tables, making beds), when so switched by the housewife.

22. I could accept this fact with calmness because I knew that if I wasn’t able to avoid a mistake, chances were that no other surgeon could have, either.

23. One can perhaps get a clearer picture of Japan’s acute population pressure by imagining what Switzerland would be like if that small and mountainous country were inhabited by 28 million people instead of the 5.7 million as at present.

24. He believes, although perhaps he does not know he believes it, that the more extensive verifications are, that the more frequently experiments have been made and results of the same kind arrived at, that the more varied the conditions under which the same results have been attained, the more certain is the ultimate conclusion, and he disputes the question no further.

25. During these tests she was able to read a newspaper through an opaque screen and, stranger still, by moving her elbow over a child’s game of Lotto she was able to describe the figures and colours printed on it; and, in another instance, wearing stockings and slippers, to make out with her foot the outlines and colours of a picture hidden under a carpet.

26. Much unhappiness has been suffered by those people who have never recognized that it is as necessary to make themselves into whole and harmonious personalities as to keep themselves clean, healthy and financially solvent.

27. Piaget has gone from rotary research to jewelry watch-making, mechanical timepieces to a quartz design, a workshop with only six craftsmen to a factory with more than two hundred workers, but still the company Piaget strives for perfection, a principle that drove its founder, George, over a hundred years ago.

28. A few weeks with one firm, a few days with another, then out of a job, then on again for a month perhaps and so on.

29. So, tips will no doubt net much less during the summer and the company will be less interesting.

30. Here, a complete mastery of the language, however stupid the children; there, in most cases, even with people otherwise highly gifted, a faulty and inexact command.

31. Each and every story preaches from the same gospel: tomorrow will be different from today, violently different perhaps.

32. What a list! Something old and something new, something cosmic yet something trivial, too, for the creative worrier must forever blend the pedestrian with the immemorial.

33. By taking thought, men can move mountains —and have.

34. What visual artists like painters want to teach is easy to make out but difficult to explain, because painters translate their experiences into shapes and colors, not words.

35. When a good independent school in Memphis recently closed, some thoughtful citizens urged that it be taken over by the public school system and used for boys and girls of high ability, that it have entrance requirements and give an advanced program of studies to superior students who were interested and able to take it.

36. You see, dear, I know that the stick-in-the-mud people are doing us a good turn and themselves a bad one by going back to secret trials and executions so soon, and I know that if you who are left stand together steadily and hit hard, you will see great things.

37. In 1865 the Civil war, (also known as the “war between the states”)

finally came to an end, but not before hundreds of thousands of men had died.

38. He was no way in fault; but he knew men well enough to know that when they find they’ve given a tramp a million-pound bill when they thought it was a one-pounder, they are in a frantic rage against him instead of quarreling with their own near-sightedness, as they ought.

39. When the media add interpretation and analysis, as they must to do their job fully, strong dislike of the messengers may become intense.

40. For the fact is that the United States, Particularly the federal government, which has historically established our national priorities, has simply never thought that the American city was “worthy” of improvement－at least not to the extent of expending any basic resources on it.

41. What is questioned is whether a country like Britain has a chance, assuming it has the will, to succeed where so many have failed, and even assuming that it has, should make the tremendous effort and take substantial financial risk of trying to leap-frog into leadership in entirely new technology, or whether it should take softer option of merely catching up with the rest of the Industrialized world.

42. When a man picks up a weight from the floor and raises it above his head, he has in effect inserted his body between the weight and the earth and pushed the weight one way with his hands, and the earth the other way with his feet.

43. To get a description of direction along the line, we shall call the line on one side of the origin positive, on the other side negative.

第五章 并列平行结构（52）

1. But the individualist approach, by attacking gender roles, denying the significance of physiological difference, and condemning existing familial institutions as hopelessly patriarchal, has often simply treated as irrelevant the family roles important to many women.

2. In fact, privatization has not only rescued individual Industries and a whole economy headed for disaster, but has also raised the level of performance in every area.

3. In the laboratory, when the seal dives below the surface of the water and stops breathing, its heart beats more slowly, requiring less oxygen and its arteries become constricted, ensuring that the seal’s blood remains concentrated near those organs most crucial to its ability to navigate underwater.

4. Most earthquakes had a small area of intense shaking, which weakened rapidly with increasing from the epicenter, but others were characterized by a lower peak intensity, felt over a broader area.

5. There is no complete inventory of positions or people in federal service at this level. The lack may be explained by separate agency statutes and personnel

systems, diffusion among so many special services, and the absence of any central point (short of President himself) with jurisdiction over all upper-level personnel of the government.

6. However, in the EEZ all nations enjoy the right to exercise the traditional high seas freedoms of navigation and overflight, of the laying of submarine cables and pipelines, and of all other traditional high seas uses by ships and aircraft which are not resource related.

7. Mine-Sweeping is done by traversing a mined area with mechanical sweeps that set moored mines adrift by cutting their mooring cables, and with influence sweeps that simulate the necessary characteristics to cause detonation of influence mines.

8. He refuses to consider sufficiently the wants of the customer, who must buy, not the thing he desires but the thing the English gentleman wants to sell.

9. Green, hilly, with abundant tree, it was a beautiful country, the Virginia-Kentucky border territory－or would have been, except for the mines.

10. Consequently, the choice of materials cannot be left until the end but must occur in at least a tentative way as the design proceeds in order for later steps based on intermediate calculations and decisions to be realistic.

11. The initial stages of both journeys are filled with enthusiasms,

indulgences, and a fairly consistent closing of the eyes to that which may later become, if not unacceptable, at the very least unpleasant.

12. The robot slave might operate with a computer stored in a cupboard under the stairs and the signals and information proceeding along a cable, which also carries the power from the mains, through the machine moving about the house.

13. The lack of insistence on personal honor, the surface informality, the disparaging responses to compliments, and willingness to admit mistakes are part of the egalitarian tradition, as are the Americans’ pride in what they have been able to achieve and their criticism of things that fall short of perfection.

14. Though unemployed longer when seeking work, older women job-hunt harder, hold a job longer with less absenteeism, perform as well or better, are more reliable, and are more willing to learn than men or younger women.

15. In 1450, most Europeans probably lived in villages, but some regions were so hilly, lacking in good soil, or heavily timbered that villages could not keep going, and settlement was that of solitary herdsmen or shepherds.

16. The standardized educational or psychological tests that are widely used to aid in selecting, classifying, or promoting students, employees, and military personnel lave been the target or recent attacks in books, magazines, the daily press, and even in Congress.

17. If I went abroad, I’d travel round the country as much as I could any try to find as many people as possible, not only to practice the language on but to have discussions with, and I’d hope to make some real friends.

18. That is why women remain children their whole life long: never seeing anything but what is quite close to them, clinging to the present moment, taking appearance for reality, and preferring trifles to matters of the first importance.

19. On the whole such a conclusion can be draw with a certain degree of confidence, but only if the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude towards the test as the others with whom he is being compared, and only if he was not punished by lack of relevant information which they possessed.

20. But since the consequences of poverty are related to powerlessness, not to the absolute supply money available to the poor, and since the amount of power purchasable with a given supply of money decreases as a society acquires a larger supply of goods and services, the solution of raising the incomes of the poor is likely, unless accompanied by other measures, to be ineffective in a wealthy society.

21. Descriptive statistics is a tool for describing or summarizing or reducing to comprehensible form the properties of an otherwise unwieldy mass of data.

22. In the country there are no honking horns, no diesel trucks, no pollution－just the sounds of wind rustling the tree leaves and red squirrels chattering in

the distant oaks and cool creek water rushing down its endless course.

23. And even more incredible is the young brain’s ability to pick out an order in language from the mixture of sound around him, to analyse, to combine and recombine the parts of a language in new ways.

24. This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future.

25. The Convention garnered the support of an overwhelming majority of nations from every region of the world, from differing legal, economic and social systems, from the wealthy and the poor, from the geographically advantaged and disadvantaged, and from coastal and landlocked States alike.

26. More and more, Americans apparently are looking not just for places with more jobs but with fewer people, too.

27. Not only can electricity be made to produce magnetism, but magnetism can be made to produce electricity.

28. In most cases people go abroad for study in their special subject or to learn and get more practice in the language of that country and you can’t speak a foreign language really well without having lived in that country where it is spoken.

29. It [modern culture] is, rather, the image of an eternally playful and eternally youthful power that makes order whether order is there or not and that having made one order is quite capable of putting it aside and creating an entirely different one the way a child might build one structure from a set of blocks and then without malice and purely in the spirit of play demolish it and begin again.

30. Thus, Organic Chemistry is concerned with the study of the many compounds of carbon, which include such important materials as most of the substances making up living matter, many substances derived from living or formerly living organisms, and a variety of synthetic materials.

31. Moreover, even an elementary knowledge of this branch of mathematics is sufficient to enable the journalist to avoid misleading his readers, or the ordinary citizen to detect the attempts which are constantly made to deceive him.

32. They [gods] know that man dares not doubt, dares not question and dares not now reject them because to do so would be to throw him to a state of futility, helplessness, insecurity and despair even more stultifying than faced by his most primitive ancestors.

33. When the ink of the signatures is dry and the flourishes of White House trumpets are done, the White House thinks that it will be able to present Mr. Reagan as having upstaged former President Carter’s Camp David success and secured Israel from the only other border that currently threatens it.

34. The time has long since arrived to recognize commercial representation as a profession per se, the successful exercise of which is positively correlated with careful initial selection of commercial representatives, the level and content of their formal education and specialized training, the length and variety of their pertinent experience, and the quality of support they receive from the trade promotion or ministry at home.

35. Energy is the currency of the ecological system and life becomes possible only when food is converted into energy, which in turn is used to seek more food to grow, to reproduce and to survive.

36. A joint venture of French communications companies has broken new ground by stringing fiber-optic cables to the homes of 1,500 telephone customers in the northern town of Biarrits and setting up an experimental two-way video system in which customers see one another while they chat.

37. I should like to see in her eyes that strength of character which has enabled her to stand firm in the face of difficulties, and that compassion for all humanity which she has revealed to me so of ten.

38. Whether we realize it or not, each of us carries about with us a mental blueprint or picture of ourselves.

39. It is the same old story of not being grateful for what we have until we lose it, of not being conscious of health until we are ill.

40. First we owe to our children the most demanding, challenging curriculum that is within their capabilities.

41. This attitude is essentially one of inquiry, experimentation, and humility before the facts.

42. Trial and error, experimentation without guessing, accidental discovery, and other methods account for much of the progress in science.

43. So we have come to cash this check－a check that will give us upon demand the riches of freedom and the security of justice.

44. In support of this belief, he borrowed money from everybody who was good for a loan－men, women, friends, or strangers.

45. It is now generally agreed that the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere will double from 0.03% to 0.06% in the next 50 years and that temperatures worldwide will rise by 2℃.

46. But how the “greenhouse effect” operates and why such a tiny proportion of CO2 has such a harmful effect are still the two most puzzling questions haunting natural scientists today.

47. I should want not merely to see the outline of her face, so that I could cherish it in my memory, but to study that face and find in it the living evidence of

the sympathetic tenderness and patience with which she accomplished the difficult task of my education.

48. If you take into account the despairing who no longer even look for work; the unfulfilled who can only get a few hours’s work a week but are desperate for more; the uninspired who stay in the tertiary studies because they can’t get a job; and the ashamed who won’t admit to joblessness, then Australia’s real unemployment rate is probably closer to 16%, or even higher.

49. When we consider the situation of the human mind in nature, its limited plasticity and few channels of communication with the outer world, we need not wonder that we grope for light, or that we find incoherence and instability in human systems of ideas.

50. Five senses, then, to gather a small part of the infinite influences that vibrate in nature, a moderate power of understanding to interpret those senses, and an irregular, passionate fancy to overlay that interpretation－such is the endowment of the human mind.

51. Commercial invoice must be identified by a responsible individual who has knowledge of, or can readily obtain knowledge of, the facts of the transaction, and who must be an employee of the exporter.

52. Within a few years, thousands of hooves moving eastward had worn deep trails to cowtowns like Dodge City, trading centers where the cowboys

celebrated and spent their pay after the long drive, and often described in stories and films about the Wild West.

第六章 同位语（37）

1. The word radar, coined as a code name in World War II, was derived from the phrase Radio Detection And Ranging.

2. This constant need to prove that one is as good as or better than one’s fellow-competitor creates constant anxiety and stress, the very causes of unhappiness and illness.

3. At the same time, the American Law Institute－a group of judges, lawyers, and academics whose recommendations carry substantial weight－issued new guidelines for tort law stating that companies need not warn customers of obvious dangers or bombard them with a lengthy list of possible ones.

4. The “population explosion”―overpopulation―is not a disaster that threatens the world on some specific Doomsday in the future. Rather, it is a quite day-to-day event that in some parts of the world has already happened, with terrible results: over-crowding strained resources, malnutrition, and starvation.

5. Educational practices such as the honor system and student participation indicate a respect for individual responsibility and independence.

6. Radiant energy can leave its source and travel through empty space at the speed of about 186,000 miles a second.

7. Every observation leads to the conclusion that a hot body placed in cooler surroundings loses heat until it reaches the surrounding temperature, for example, a kettle of boiling water left in a cool kitchen.

8. In recent years, there’s been a rebirth of a number of downtown areas as suburbanites, especially young married couples, have moved into the city to avoid roads filled with traffic between the suburbs and the cities every morning and evening.

9. Under certain conditions this compound splits up, or decomposes, into two substances.

10. When the closed circuit is broken at any point－that is, when the path of conducting material is interrupted－there will be no current.

11. Exobiology is the study of life outside the earth－on other planets and celestial bodies.

12. The marriage age is rising, a condition that makes home and its pleasantness particularly attractive to young people.

13. Most structural materials are not only elastic but, within limits, linearly

elastic: their deformation is proportional to the load.

14. This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.

15. If you see an article consistently advertised, it is the surest proof I know that the article does what is claimed for it, and that it represents good value.

16. The objection is bound to be raised that such a conception is a complete travesty of the whole idea of philosophy.

17. For instance, early textile mill entrepreneurs, in justifying women’s employment in wage labor, made much of the assumption that women were by nature skillful at detailed takes and patient in carrying out repetitive chores.

18. There is a growing realization that had Saddam Hussein focused his missile-development programmes on this sort of hardware rather than developing the Scud, Desert Storm could have seen targets in Saudi Arabia and Israel bombarded by weapons whose miss distance might have been measured in terms of tens or hundreds of metres rather than kilometres.

19. Despite Beta’s substantial technological head start and the fact that VHS was neither technically better nor cheaper than Beta, developers of VHS quickly turned a slight early lead in sales into a dominant position. Strategic

alignments with producers of prerecorded tapes reinforced the VHS advantage.

20. I recall Sun Yet-sen’s very close contacts with Britain, leading up to the famous attempt by the then Chinese legation to kidnap him and return him to China, a plot which was foiled with the help of the British Foreign Office.

21. However many disadvantages all this may involve, there is at least this to be said in its favor, that the woman lives more in the present than the man, and that, if the present is at all tolerable, she enjoys it more eagerly.

22. The fact that a compass needle assumes a north-south direction leads to the conclusion that the earth must be a magnet, with the space all around it constituting a huge magnetic field.

23. I feel that this award was not made to me as a man but to my work------a life’s work in the agony and sweat of the human spirit, not for glory and least of all for profit, but to create out of the materials of the human spirit something which did not exist before.

24. Many of these [differences] are due to the fact that, unlike the majority of human activities in which it is desirable that the participants should concentrate on their work without excessive discussion, it is crucial to a research and development program that there should be continual discussion and mutual criticism among the participants.

25. Given the chemical balances set up in the lake and the fact that the iron had accumulated slowly, over hundreds of years, the researchers concluded that the carbon dioxide, too, had seeped gradually into the lake, and not as a result of a sudden volcanic eruption.

26. Instead of honoring this sacred obligation, America has given the Negro people a bad check; a check which has come back marked “insufficient funds”.

27. The principal of a great Philadelphia high school is driven to cry for help in combating the notion that it is undemocratic to run a special program of studies for outstanding boys and girls.

28. At least I’ve got a new name for my next protagonist－Marley, a gabby girl who knows her around.

29. However, there are signs that much more serious effort may be mustered in the reasonably near future.

30. I concluded the book with the conviction that I had somehow overlooked something terribly important in life.

31. To communicate the idea, the fears and hopes, the shape and feel of all the infinite possible futures, science fiction writers lean heavily on another of their advantages: the art of fiction.

32. Let his exterior conflict be the mirror of the protagonist’s own interior conflict, the clash of his desires, his own strength against his own weakness.

33. Perhaps this is the ultimate role of science fiction: to act as an interpreter of science to humanity.

34. I have turned my mind back to the ice again, and I have been worrying about the fact that you cannot have ice that is growing and melting at the same time.

35. On the other hand, if Mammoth’s competitor, Colossal Widget, has very similar common size percentages in all categories except one－say, a net income of 8 percent－Colossal may want to look at its own operations.

36. What both students and teachers are experiencing is the recognition that the more complex structures one encounters in a language are not vital to making oneself understood and so have a less immediate field of application.

37. I stand before you today the representative of a family in grief, in a country in mourning, before a world in shock.

第七章 分词作状语（61）

1. Mounted on horses descended from those brought by the Spanish to Mexico many years before, typical plains Indians were fierce fighters who could

shoot arrows with surprising accuracy while galloping at top speed.

2. Then, having ensured that their species will survive, the shrimp die as the last of the water evaporates.

3. Studies show that otherwise rational people act irrationally when forced to stand in line or wait in crowds, even becoming violent.

4. Having a little knowledge of statistics, the superintendent would know that it is unnecessary and inefficient to question each child; the proportion for the entire district could be estimated fairly accurately from sample of as few as 100 children.

5. Hydrogen, being a small molecule, may be absorbed into the holes in the crystal lattice of metals in much the same way as sponge absorbs water.

6. Having never handled a computer, Mr. Johnson met with a lot of difficulties at first.

7. The house was very quiet, isolated as it was on the side of a mountain.

8. Properly used, they provide a rapid means of getting comparable information about many people.

9. Therefore, jogging and dieting, carried to extremes, can be hazardous.

10. The solution of raising the incomes of the poor is likely, unless accompanied by other measures, to be ineffective in a wealthy society.

11. Invented fewer than 20 years ago, it has already become one of the marvels of the 70-year-old electronics.

12. when minerals are extracted from land surface mines, grasses and trees must be removed, causing erosion of the bare earth.

13. Since the 1950s scores of major urban newspapers have ceased operation, leaving most large U.S. cities with no more than one morning and one afternoon newspaper.

14. Feeling threatened, companies responded by writing ever-longer warning labels, trying to anticipate every possible accident.

15. Hallucinogens have their primary effect on perception, distorting and altering it in a variety of ways, including producing hallucinations.

16. Some robots can read an engineering drawing with one television eye and find then necessary parts and assemble them to the drawing using another television eye and a mechanical hand and arm.

17. All flights having been canceled because of the snowstorm, many passengers could do nothing but take the train.

18. The key fact is that all three dictionaries can be seen to have a distinctly “cultural” as well as language learning content. That being said, the way in which they approach the cultural element is not identical, making direct comparisons between the three difficult.

19. Washing machines take the drudgery out of laundry, the latest models being entirely automatic and able to wash and dry a large quantity of clothes in a few minutes.

20. Because of increased physical fitness, life expectancy in the nation has risen to seventy-three years, with fewer people suffering from heart disease, the nation’s number one killer.

21. In the teaching of science and mathematics, the dominant mode of instruction is generally traditional, with teachers presenting formal lectures and students taking notes.

22. Judging from recent surveys, most experts in sleep behavior agree that there is virtually an epidemic of sleepiness in the nation.

23. While making an efficiency test on an engine, certain precautions should be observed.

24. The question remained: how can such quakes occur, given that mantle rock at a depth of more than 50 kilometers is too ductile to store enough stress to

fracture?

25. The net result is a continuous flow of gas, starting as hot gases in intergalactic space and ending as a drizzle of cool called a “cooling flow”, falling into the central galaxy.

26. The new U.S. national military strategy is best served by a Navy and Marine Corps sea-air-land presence, participating in joint operations, capable, trained, and ready.

27. The “classroom of the future” at ATC Dahlgren will extend from the schoolhouse to the ship, and will feature a mix of multimedia lessons－video-and simulator-based coursework－as well as computer-based training(CBT), combined with lectures and other traditional means of instruction.

28. Curriculum planers emphasize a “system approach” to training, taking the best components of a number of training philosophies and assets to develop courses that are customized to fleet requirements.

29. Knowing the missile time of flight, if all works well, then the missiles should arrive over the target group within a very short time of one another and saturate enemy defences.

30. During the crisis, Washington decision-makers received information from a variety of sensors, many of them reconnaissance satellites feeding national

intelligence organizations such as the CIA (Central Intelligence Agency) and NSA (National Security Agency).

31. That the porters were a homogeneous group working for a single employer with a single labor policy, thus sharing the same grievances from city to city, also strengthened the Brotherhood and encouraged racial identity and solidarity as well.

32. Starting as a non-violent revolutionist, he ended life as a major social theorist more or less sympathetic with violent revolution, if such became necessary in order to change the social system which he believed to be frankly predatory upon the masses.

33. He had a kind of pleasant expression during fights, not a vicious one, his eyes closed in what would have seemed to be sleep had it not been for the turmoil of the struggle.

34. All agreed that the principal ingredients of a civic education were literacy and the inculcation of patriotic and moral virtues, some others adding the study of history and the study of principles of the republican government itself.

35. Stripped of the lure of profit by which to induce over people to follow their false leadership, they have resorted to exhortations, pleading tearfully for restored confidence.

36. With one engine going ahead at one-third or two-thirds speed and the other backing, at the same speed, the ships will normally make headway if the backing revolutions have not been standardized.

37. in his laboratory work especially did Pasteur show a remarkable keenness of mind, sometimes, while still a student, investigating beyond the immediate problem to discover, if possible, new truth.

38. Extraordinary creative activity has been characterized as revolutionary, flying in the face of what is established and producing not what is acceptable but what will become accepted.

39. Further, many universities have become enslaved to their own bureaucratic process, often placing first-year students in classes beyond their actual level of competence, based on placement exams that do not accurately measure true ability.

40. Being very short of money and wanting to go something useful, I applied, fearing as I did so, that without a degree and with no experience in teaching, my chances of getting the job were slim.

41. But none of them rushed to the depot, waving to him and calling out his name as they would have normally greeted any other such recognized surprise arrivals, because they had all heard that he no longer cared to mix with home people.

42. And then she felt embarrassed that her stove looked so bad, its slightly parted oven door hanging by one hinge, its missing right front leg substituted by some thickish hickory firewood sticks, and the baling wire she had nailed onto the ceiling looped down and around the rusting stovepipes to stop them from sagging further.

43. Sister Fannie said she just jumped backward, her hands flying to her mouth, her eyes popping, as Pete with a great grunt wrenched up that whole heavy cast-iron stove from that floor, the kindling crackling inside, and her water kettle, breakfast-eggs skillet and tin biscuit pan all tumbling and clattering against the floor.

44. Then, maneuvering that iron stove through that doorway, with another mighty grunt Pete just heaved it forward and outward, and it smashed down against her little grassy-patched dirt back yard, the sounds of the crash and the iron cracking open sending her little spotted feist dog and her few any-breed chickens all yelping and squawking and flying.

45. Finally he had saved $ 50, which some Henning people living in Chicago, who were back home visiting, had assured him was enough to see him eat and sleep long enough to find himself a job that would put him on his feet.

46. Applied science, on the other hand, is directly concerned with the application of the working laws of pure science to the practical affairs of life, and to increasing man’s control over his environment, thus leading to the development

of new techniques, processes and machines.

47. New forms of thought, as well as new subjects for thought, must arise in the future as they have in the past, giving rise to new standards of elegance.

48. Although I struggled and kicked for all I was worth, it was impossible to get away, for as fast as I pushed myself off I was irresistibly dragged back, every instant expecting the wire to go and to find myself shot down into the bowels of the ship.

49. Attendance at these meetings has been high, given the time constraints on these business leaders.

50. Since meteorites and the moon are relatively unchanged samples of solar-system material, dating back to the birth of the planets, their age is thought to give a good estimate of the age of the Earth.

51. During the retreat a broken milk bottle caught me behind the ear, opening a deep gash which bled profusely.

52. My fellow-combatants left me standing paralysed in the center of the yard and scurried for their homes.

53. So, compared to what used to be, society is way ahead; compared to what might be, it is way behind.

. Not daring to glance at them, I went out of the library, fearing that the woman would call me back for further questioning.

55. Very few science fiction stories picture humanity as a passive species, allowing the tidal forces of nature to flow unperturbed.

56. Having met, as a society, the basic survival and security needs, people simply don’t need each other anymore to fight Indians or spin yarn or wash dishes or repair electrical plugs for that matter.

57. We are obliged to grow up in skepticism, requiring proofs for every assertion about nature, and there is no way out except to move ahead and plug away, hoping for comprehension in the future but living in a condition of intellectual instability for the long time.

58. Most commonly we come to books with blurred and divided minds, asking of fiction that it shall be true, of poetry that it shall be false, of biography that it shall be flattering, of history that it shall enforce our own prejudices.

59. If you haven’t actively sought a job in the past week and aren’t available for an immediate start, you are moved from the ranks of the “unemployed” to one of a number of other categories－so those who throw up their hands after a period of looking vanish into a one-line column, becoming just blips in the statistician’s computer, along with those who haven’t been able to get out and look for work, or aren’t in areas where jobs exist, or who don’t fulfill

the other stringent guidelines to be classed as actively looking for work.

60. Apart from the pronunciation exercises, which call for the teacher’s active guidance in the form of demonstration of the sound features concerned, most exercises are such that students can work more or less independently, the teacher coming in only to check, to clarify, and to organize discussion on points of general interest or on matters in which different views are possible.

61. “Most newspapers have their own archives… some keep their archives in order, some don’t” Greenstein said, adding that even these operations may call on Bettmann when looking for rare subjects or better-quality images.

第八章 否定句（）

1. Sir Alexander Fleming did not, as legend would have it, look at the mold on a piece of cheese and get the idea for penicillin there and then. He experimented with antibacterial substances for nine years before the made his discovery.

2. Certainly I don't teach because teaching is easy for me. Nor do I teach because I think I know answers, or because I have knowledge I feel compelled to share.

3. Thus the use, at say seven months, of “mama” as a greeting for his mother cannot be dismissed as a meaningless sound simply because he also uses it at other times for his father, his dog, or anything else he likes.

4. They were not about to change their tastes and habits just because of a change in the law.

5. All that glitters is not gold.

6. Also, not all of the carbon dioxide that enters the leaf is synthesized into carbohydrates.

7. When the lights came on again, hardly a person in the city can have turned on a switch without reflecting how great a servant he had at his fingertips.

8. Small-minded officials, rude waiters, and ill-mannered taxi drivers are hardly unknown in the U.S.

9. Few buildings in the bombed city remained intact.

10. He who feels the respect which is due to others cannot fail to inspire in them regard for himself, while he who feels and hence manifests, disrespect toward others, especially his inferiors, cannot fail to inspire hatred against himself.

11. It’s a beautiful cottage not more than five minutes from the nearest beach.

12. The liquid can mask bad-breath odor with its own smell, but the effect lasts no more than an hour.

13. One can tell the difference almost at a glance, for a spider always has eight legs and an insect never more than six.

14. When their subjects are heroes or famous figures, biographers often reveal a democratic motive: they attempt to show that their subjects are only human, no better than anyone else.

15. He’s no more able to read Spanish than I am.

16. But Darwin could not be satisfied with a gentleman’s life any more than Babbage could find satisfaction in a financial career.

17. The book has been translated into no less than 40 languages.

18. Those higher up on the social ladder are no less anxious. Their lives are no less empty than those of their subordinates. They are even more insecure in some respects.

19. The food supply will not increase nearly enough to match this, which means that we are heading into a crisis in the matter of producing and marketing food.

20. Schools often have too restricting an atmosphere, with its timetables and disciplines, to allow him much time for independent assessment of the work he is asked to do.

21. One can’t be too careful in making the decision as it is such a critical case.

22. I have recalled these beginnings of the careers of Franklin, Darwin and Mozart because they strikingly illustrate a profound psychological truth the significance of which can scarcely be overestimated.

23. You cannot be careful enough. (或 You cannot take enough care.)

24. Until recently, scientists have been unable to devise a drill which would be capable of cutting through hard rock at great depths.

25. It was not until long afterwards that she wondered if she had made a mistake.

26. There was the growing realization that for all their vastness, the resources to be found in the oceans and seas were not inexhaustible. One could not hunt whales at will without risking their extermination or catch herring limitlessly without threatening survival of the stock.

27. To paraphrase Winston Churchill, I did not take the oath I have just taken with the intention of presiding over the dissolution of the world’s strongest economy.

28. One private school served notice when it opened that \"no person shall

be considered as eligible who shall not be moving in the circle of Gentlemen, no retail trader are being allowed in any circumstances to so considered.\"

29. There, a child grows up under the ever-present attention of his parents…No necessity of making a living away from home results in neglect of children.

30. If I accidentally had my attention drawn to the fact that some other boy knew less than myself, I concluded not that I knew much, but that he, for some reason or other, knew little.

31. Thus the American, on his linguistic side, likes to make his language as he goes along, and all the hard work of the school-marm can not hold the business back.

32. That was the day that I learned for all time that no creatures of fable and fantasy are half as nice as the creatures of real life.

33. A book may be compared to your neighbor: if it be good, it can not last too long; if bad, you can not get rid of it too early.

34. True, not everyone sees me as you saw me or even as I see myself; but deep down inside I have that marvelous feeling that comes from being an integrated whole person, not afraid of being just what I am.

35. But we can hardly guess what the world will look like to men and women

with several generations of communism behind them, who take the brotherhood of man for granted, not as an ideal to be aimed at, but a fact of life, and yet know that this brotherhood was only achieved by ghastly struggles.

36. I'm in the trade and there's not a man in it who won't tell you that what I say about pearls goes.

37. I can not state too strongly my appreciation for the part you played in the negotiation in order to bring about the desired result.

38. It never occurred to him that he and his doings were not of the most intense and fascinating interest to anyone with whom he came in contact.

39. He was almost innocent of any sense of responsibility.

40. I have found no record of his ever paying or repaying money to anyone who did not have a legal claim upon it.

41. Never for one minute did he look at the world or at people, except in relation to himself.

42. There is not a line of his music that could have been conceived by a little mind.

43. As for the peasant populations of a great part of the world, they aren't so much anxious as hungry.

44. The point about this argument is not that one side or the other is in possession of a more powerful array of convincing facts.

45. The essential lesson to be learned has nothing to do with the relative validity of the facts underlying the argument.

46. Steeped in new moods and ideas, I bought a ream of paper and tried to write; but nothing would come, or what did come was flat beyond telling.

47. It would have been impossible for me to have told anyone what I derived from these novels, for it was nothing less than a sense of life itself.

48. We can never be satisfied as long as our children are stripped of their selfhood and robbed of their dignity by signs stating, “For White Only”.

49. The maker of each is careful to observe the laws of his own perspective, and however great a strain they may put upon us they will never confuse us, as lesser writers so frequently do, by introducing two different kinds of reality into the same book.

50. Neither in medicine, nor in law, government, or the social sciences can there be comfort in the old saying, “What you don't know can't hurt you.”

51. Thatcher said, “I do not say this because I believe that we should be in any way provocative towards the Soviet Union or anyone else.”

52. Yet I see that I already have built the framework for many of these pipe dreams, and that if I make them goals today, there is no reason I can't find a way to taste at least part of that reality tomorrow.

53. We have to stand firm, to stare down the agendists and the ignoble strife that sometimes surrounds us, and ensure, as best we can, that there be no public changes that are not truly remedial.

. The public and our political masters will eventually understand that popular measures are not necessarily right measures, and that we have a legal judicial system that serves the public well.

第九章 比较结构（29）

1. “What we take out of the sea is no longer as important as what we do not put into it,” said a noted underwater explorer, describing how pollution of sea-life cycles ultimately threatened even terrestrial respiration.

2. Modern radar applications are as much concerned with supplementing man’s mind and understanding as were the earlier applications with aiding his vision.

3. From this motive I began to think seriously of matrimony, and choose my wife, as she did her wedding gown, not for a fine glossy surface, but such qualities as would wear well.

4. Tapping the new spirit, there can be no nobler nor more ambitious task for America to undertake on this day of a new beginning than to help shape a just and peaceful world that is truly humane.

5. It may be that when his life at last comes to an end he will leave no more trace of his sojourn on earth than a stone thrown to river leaves on the surface of the water.

6. In Japan he is famous already, a personality no less in the public eye than Crown prince or the first baseman of the Tokyo Giants.

7. The Mr. Palomar telescope is placed on a mountain not so much to bring it nearer to the heavens as to put it where the air is purer and clearer and the noises and vibrations of cities are avoided.

8. A general-purpose computer is regarded less as an electric calculating machine than as a capable assistant to human beings.

9. The success of the government’s anti-inflation efforts will depend as much on political will as on economic policy.

10. Many in society expect longer sentences for most offences, while the experts tell us that, generally speaking, custodial sentences, except in special circumstances, do more harm than good and that short sentences probably do less harm than long sentences.

11. It is, of course, obvious that such politicians, who spread devastation only in the provinces committed to their care, are far less harmful to the world than our own, who ruin whole continents in order to win an election campaign.

12. A whale is no more a fish than a horse is.

13. A whale is no more a mammal than a horse is.

14. Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.

15. But we are much less conscious of the extent to which work provides the more intangible, but more crucial, psychological well being that can make the difference between a full and an empty life.

16. It is probably easier for teachers than for students to appreciate the reasons why learning English seems to become increasingly difficult once the basic structures and patterns of the language have been understood.

17. The aims of our present-day culture are avowedly ease and material well-being: shorter hours; a shorter week; more return for less accomplishment; more soft-soap excuses and fewer honest, realistic demands.

18. Away from their profession, scientists are inherently no more honest or

ethical than other people.

19. Marriage has never been more popular and desirable than it is now –so appealing ,in fact ,that even those who are in the process of divorce can scarcely wait for the law to allow them to marry again.

20. We have achieved an extraordinary technological capability which enables us to seek out unimaginably distant civilizations, even if they are no more advanced than we.

21. Such estimates are little better than guesses.

22. Can you imagine a form of life as far beyond man as man is beyond the worm?

23. There was a huge library near the riverfront, but I knew that Negroes were not allowed to patronize its shelves any more than they were the parks and playgrounds of the city.

24. Much as she loved her pet [cat], we may imagine that she was more horror than grief-stricken at her discovery.

25. It may not seem much consolation to point out that the teacher, too, becomes frustrated when his efforts appear to produce less obvious results.

26. Stephen later discerned several new characteristics of black holes and

demonstrated that the amazing forces of the Big Bang would have created mini-black holes, each with mass about that of a terrestrial mountain, but no larger than the subatomic proton.

27. The mathematician will usually be greeted with some polite incredulity when he insists that Einstein was a very great physicist who never pretended to prove mathematical results of any significance; or when he states that he will very seldom have to write down any numerical operation in his professional life; or when he point out that dozens of fat books on mathematics never use explicitly any number greater than 4.

28. They have found that it is much easier to get a quick quote from some biased source posing as an expert, usually from a university, than it is to analyse reasons for judgement in a proper context.

29. After monitoring production of the Jarvik-7, and reviewing its effects on the 150 or so patients, the US Food and Drug Administration concluded that the machine was doing more to endanger lives than to save them.

第十章 it的用法（44）

1. It is possible, upon the theory of equipotential surface, to find in an electric field a large number of points, all of which have the same potential.

2. It is entirely reasonable for auditors to believe that scientists who know

exactly where they are going and how they will get there should not be distracted by the necessity of keeping one eye on the cash register while the other eye is on the microscope.

3. It was very generous of you to lend them your new car for their holiday.

4. It hadn’t seemed such a terrible thing to hurt him until she was paid back in kind.

5. It takes the most cool-headed and good-tempered of drivers to resist the temptation to revenge when subjected to uncivilized behavior.

6. It doesn’t come as a surprise to you to realize that it makes no difference what you read or study if you can’t remember it.

7. It is no use employing radar to detect objects in water.

8. But it is hardly inevitable that companies on the Web will need to resort to push strategies to make money.

9. If cities are to remain pleasant places to live in at all, however, it seems imperative, not only that communications in transport should be improved, but also that communication between human beings should be kept smooth and polite.

10. It seems almost certain that by 2001 the United States will no longer be a

great food-exporting nation and that, if necessity forces exports, it will be at the price of belt-tightening at home.

11. When he was tested, it was found that he developed violent limb jerking when the flicker was set at twenty-four cycles per second, which is exactly the rhythm of film recorded at twenty-four frames a second.

12. It is required by law that a husband have to pay the debts of his wife until formal notice is given that he no longer has to pay them.

13. Didn’t it occur to you when you altered this check that suspicion would fall on him?

14. It is no longer a question now whether sound travels under water as well as through air.

15. The panel has not yet reached agreement on a crucial question, however, whether to recommend legislation that would make it a crime for private funding to be used for human cloning.

16. Perhaps transportation and the means of communication have really made it possible for there to be an end to the big cities.

17. You have all heard it repeated that men of science work by means of induction and deduction, that by the help of these operations, they, in a sort of

sense, manage to extract from Nature certain natural laws, and that out of these, by some special skill of their own, they build up their theories.

18. It was not until the late 1960s that it was appreciated at high level that a torpedo was no longer a “hit or miss” weapon which had to be fired in large numbers to be sure of hitting the target.

19. It follows from the above considerations that scientists, whether they like it or not, are becoming involved in government, and hence in politics itself, to a far greater extent than ever before.

20. The aircraft, vessel, or vehicle illuminated by a radar can, with a relatively simple receiver, detect presence of the radar at ranges well beyond that at which it itself will be detected.

21. All these made it impossible for the individual scientist to deal with the huge mass of new data, techniques and equipment that were required for carrying out research accurately and efficiently.

22. It is a strange thought, but I believe a correct one, that twenty or thirty pages of ideas and information would be capable of turning the present-day world upside down, or even destroying it.

23. It is impossible to make more than the wildest guess at how many they kill, but they are hungry creatures, not content with only three meals a day. It has

been estimated that the weight of all the insects destroyed by spiders in Britain in one year would be greater than the total weight of all the human beings in the country.

24. It is human, perhaps, to appreciate little that which we have and to long for that which we have not, but it is a great pity that in the world of light the gift of sight is used only as a mere convenience rather than as a means of adding fullness to life.

25. It was on a Sunday evening, when he was lying in the orchard listening to a blackbird and composing a love poem, that he heard the gate swing to, and saw the girl coming running among the trees, with the red-cheeked, stolid Joe in swift pursuit.

26. It is easy enough to say that man is immortal simply because he will endure; that when the last ding-dong of doom has clanged and faded from the last worthless rock hanging tideless in the last red and dying evening, that even then there will still be one more sound: that of his puny inexhaustible voice, still talking.

27. It is still your duty to choose the best path to follow near the top of the mountain just as it was to propose a practicable short-cut away from the beaten track in the foothills.

28. It is perfectly natural to want all the facts and to hold out for the research

that guarantees a particular program will work.

29. It is also important to understand the possible influence of other constituents of Cannabis, which may not in themselves be psycho- or physical-active but may nevertheless influence the action of those constituents which are qd.

30. It has long since been satisfactorily established that a high executive does not have a large vocabulary merely because of the opportunities of his position.

31. Maybe it is time to adopt a new strategy in trying to figure out why life today is so difficult, and what can be done about it.

32. Today it is generally agreed that the calculus was discovered more or less independently by both Newton and Leibnitz, but the two men and their partisans quarreled acrimoniously over priority, and Newton accused Leibnitz of plagiarism.

33. It is a matter of being dumb with wonder that his poor brain and body didn’t burst under the torment of the demon of creative energy that lived inside him, struggling, clawing, scratching to be released; tearing, shrieking at him to write the music that was in him.

34. It has now been definitely established that the experiences of this cat led to the idea of quick-frozen people, which, in turn, led to the passage of Zeritsky’s

Law.

35. It was clear from the accounts that the life processes had been stopped dead in their tracks, and had, after defrosting, resumed at exactly the point where they left off.

36. It is only when one is in a position to oblige that one can afford to be so confidential.

37. This subsection has rhetorical usefulness in that it enhances the credibility of the researcher by indicating that the data presented is based on a thorough knowledge of what has been done in the field and, possibly, grows out of some investigative tradition.

38. This is nonsense but with it some organs of the popular Press played upon the emotions of their readers so successfully that many candidates for Parliament were afraid to support abolition for fear of losing votes and the result was the muddle-headed Homicide Act of 1957 which made murder with robbery a capital crime and allowed the poisoner to escape the gallows.

39. It is a pity that we have to make such an important decision about our future at a stage in our lives when we are so easily swayed by factors which have little or nothing to do with the central issue, namely that we should do those things for which we have a natural talent.

40. Children who grow up in this world therefore experience it as a sameness rather than a diversity, and because their identities are shaped by this sameness, their sense of differences among cultures and individuals diminishes.

41. A technological innovation like streamlining or all-welded body construction may be rejected initially, but if it is important to the efficiency or economics of automobiles, it will reappear in different ways until it is not only accepted but universally regarded as an asset.

42. They believed it was good business to hire men, women and children as cheaply as possible, make them work as hard as they could and, when they became inefficient, worn out, or unable to work for any reason, discharge them.

43. It should be realized that when we assign a magnitude and direction to the velocity of a body, we are really expressing its velocity relative to something which is, for this particular purpose, imagined to be stationary.

44. When my degree is completed, and academic access to the Internet expires, I will have to find a way to pay one of commercial providers the small amount it takes to retain access.

第十一章 词义的正确选择（28）

1. Recently I heard a well-known television personality declare that he was against advertising because it persuades rather than informs. He was drawing

excessively fine distinctions.

2. There is, as has been suggested, a growing body of research literature in journalism and broadcasting, but very little significant attention has been devoted to the study of the interview itself.

3. The other thing we have to notice is that the assessment of the intelligence of any subject is essentially a comparative affair.

4. The tool is the laser and it is being used by more and more surgeons all over the world, for a very large number of different complaints.

5. It seems, then, that these two branches of science are mutually dependent and interacting, and that the so-called division between the pure scientist and the applied scientist is more apparent than real.

6. In the US and Canada, where the right-to-die movement is gathering strength, observers are waiting for the dominoes to start falling.

7. It seems to me that the time is ripe for the Department of Employment and the Department of Education to get together with the universities and produce a revised educational system which will make a more economic use of the wealth of talent, application and industry currently being wasted on certificates, diplomas and degrees that no one wants to know about.

8. I can think of a good few medical students who would willingly ‘work their way through college’ by filling in as nursing auxiliaries at our understaffed hospitals.

9. “In short”, a leader of the new school contends, “the scientific revolution, as we call it, was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions”.

10. Consequently he swept aside not only the literature that pretended that ours is a society of sweetness and light, but also that which contended that the inculcation of the spirit of Christian fellowship would put an end to class controversy.

11. Sometimes you can tell who is going to win a big office like President of Governor by watching how many other politicians come running to jump on his bandwagon and get credit for supporting him.

12. These committees are made up of persons representing diverse interests and knowledge who volunteer to participate in coats-off, sleeves-up pencils-out drafting sessions and committee deliberations.

13. Not everyone can interact with such persistence and over long hours, but those who do, pride themselves on a distinctive ability that contributes mighty to the running of the organization.

14. When an airline failed to award Lillian Sims of Milwaukee all the frequent-flier miles she’d earned on an extended foreign trip because of an obscure provision, she tracked down the supervisor of the frequent-flier program.

15. But the longer he thought about it, the more he began to smile at the image of a man-made waterfall cascading from the deck of the house. And once he saw the humor, he also realized he had done nothing malicious. It had been an accident, brought by a sequence of events, beginning with the storm.

16. After graduation, Jeff struggled to find work at various marine-research jobs, supplementing the low pay with minimum wage moonlighting.

17. Although Newman in person closely resembled one of the composites of the San Carlos rapist, no one in his office or neighborhood had ever thought to finger this former Navy lieutenant who’d earned two bachelor’s degrees, this family man married to a career woman.

18. The center now has its fingers in the seismic pulse of a good part of the ocean’s million square miles.

19. The following week was family conference, something I dreaded. This was the day the dirty laundry got hung out to air in a private session between parent, child and counselor.

20. Bill Clinton’s home page, “The White house”, is one of the most

popular destinations, receiving thousands of “hits” a day.

21. You can easily create a bookmark, which looks like a small icon, and drop it onto your computer’s desktop. Later, if you’re off-line and want to return to the place, just click on the bookmark and Windows 95 fires up the modem and connects to the cool site.

22. Too proud to ever again wear an insulting label like “poor”, Mark had asked the florist for all the “tired” flowers in the shop.

23. Another woman, who found a snake in her Christmas tree, started a petition demanding that Helen get rid of her snakes. No one would sign it, people liked Helen. Besides, Mainers loved a good story, and there was no way they’d cramp the style of anyone who supplied as many as Helen did.

24. There are, after all, thousands of different languages in the world, and it is in the nature of language that each one seems uniquely important to those who speak it as their native language－that is, their first (normally sole) tongue, the language they acquired at their mother’s knee.

25. Professor Ronald Bracewell, a leading American radio-astronomer, argued in Nature that such a superior civilization, on a visit to our own solar system, may have left an automatic messenger behind to await the possible awakening of an advanced civilization.

26. The miracle chip represents a quantum leap in the technology of mankind, a development that over the past few years has acquired the force and significance associated with the development of hand tools or the discovery of the steam engine.

27. Is it not dangerous to suggest that “social democracy” is a useful ally in the struggle for socialism? That we can expect assistance and help from the Labour Party in the struggle for socialism?

28. A man of culture, he genuinely despises the self-made industrialist and newspaper-king: with a modest professional salary and a little private income of his own, he regards money-making as vulgar and avoids all ostentation.

第二部分 复杂难句解析(181)

1. Dying patients especially－who are easiest to mislead and most often kept in the dark－can then not make decisions about the end of life: about whether or not they should enter a hospital, or have surgery; about where and with whom they should spend their remaining time; about how they should bring their affairs to a close and leave.

2. They assume, usually with good reason, that others regard them more highly, even envy them, and that they are more competent than the average because of this association with a “winner”, a prestigious institution.

3. The president said at a press conference dominated by questions on yesterday’s election results that he could not explain why the Republicans had suffered such a widespread defeat, which in the end would deprive the Republican Party of long-held superiority in the House.

4. If you add to this the effects of a sonar set mounted in the small nose of a torpedo rushing through the water at speeds up to 80 miles per hour with its consequent noise and vibration, plus hullborne vibrations from the power plant, it can be seen that only the most advanced electronic filtering gives any chance of success.

5. Should such an accident happen when the commanding officer is charging into a landing at high speed and trusting to his backing power to stop in time, merely to show himself to be a smart shiphandler, the result may be a smashed bow or some worse accident caused not by an effort to perform some important service but merely by bravado.

6. Sting Ray represents the first generation of programmable torpedoes and attention has been turned to the problems of how to harness the vast computer powers now available with their associated software programs, how to package the maximum computer power in the smallest possible space, and how to improve still further the processing and filtering techniques so vital to exclude extraneous noise and vibration.

7. The U.S. recognizes the sovereign rights of a coastal or island to prescribe

and enforce its laws in the exclusive economic zone, extending up to 200 nautical miles from the baselines used to measure the territorial sea, for the purposes of exploration, exploitation, management, and conservation of the natural resurces of the waters, seabed, and subsoil of the zone, as well as for the production of energy from the water, currents and winds.

8. These areas—defined as the area from open ocean to the shore that must be controlled to support operations ashore, and the area inland from the shore that can be supported and defended directly from the sea—are freuently characterized by confined and congested water and air space occupied by friends, adversaries, and neutrals who often possess similar equipment.

The end