简明语言学教程8

Chapter 9 Language and Culture 1. What is culture? Culture

2. relationship between language and culture Discourse community 3. Sapir-Whorf hypothesis Linguistic relativity

Strong version---weak version

4. Linguistic evidence of cultural differences P123-128

5.Cultural teaching and learning Accultuation

6. cultural overlap and diffusion 7. Intercultual communication

Chapter 10 Language Acquisition 1. definition

Language acquisition—the child’s development of his mother tongue 2. three theories of language acquisition 1) Behaviorist view

Stimulus-Response-Reinforcement 2) Innatist view ALD

3) Interactionist view Motherese/caretaker talk 3. Cognitive factors Two ways

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4. language environment and the critical period hypothesis Critical period Two versions

5. Stages in child language development T/F

1. In general, language acquisition refers to children’s development of their native language of the community in which they have been brought up.

2. A certain amount of concious instruction on the part of parents may have no effect on the language of a child.

3. Some languages are more challenging to acquire as a native language.

4. A particular aspect of a language may appear to be more difficult to acquire than an

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equivalent part of another language.

5. Many utterance types produced by children do not closely resemble structures found in adult speech.

6. There is a three-word sentence stage in the first language acquisition.

7. Utterances at the multiword stage are often referred to as telegraphic

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speech. 8. Imitation and overt teachig play a major role in the child’s matery of language.

9. Speakers of different languages are capable of distinguishing and recognizing experiences of the same objective world according to their respective different linguistc coding system.

10. If a child is deprived of linguistic environment, he or she is unlikely to learn a language successfully later on.

11. Human capacity for language has a genetic basis, i.e. we are all born with the ability to acquire language and the details of a langauge system are genetically transmitted.

12. In first language acquisition children’s grammar models exactly after the grammar of adult language.

13. Instruction and correction are key factors in child language development.

14. A child born to a Chinese or English speaking family takes about the same number of years to acquire their native tongue, regardless of their general intelligence.

15. An innatist view of language acquisition holds that human beings are biologically programmed for language.

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16. A child who enters a foreign language speech community by the age of three or four can learn the new language without the trace of an accent.

17. When a child acquires his mother tongue, he also acquires a langue-specific culture and becomes socialized in certain ways.

1 Which of the following best states the behaviorist view of child language acquisition?

A. Language acquisition is a process of habit formation.

B. Language acquisition is the species-specific property of human beings. C. Children are born with an innate ability to acquire language.

D. Humans are equipped with the neural prerequisites for language and language use.

2. Which stage does the child belong to according to the stage of first language acquisition when we heard his saying like “Baby chair”,”Mummy sock” etc. A. babbling stage B. one-word stage C. two-word stage D. multi-word stage

3. Language acquisition is primarily the acquisition of the ____ system of language. A. phonological B. semantic C. grammatical D. communicative

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4. In general, the __________ stage begins roughly in the second half of the

child’s second year.

A) babbling B) one-word

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C)two-word D) multiword

5. Basically all the following categories except ______ are always missing in the children’s telegraphic speech stage.

A the copula verb “be” B. inflectional morphemes C. function words D. content words

6. In first language acquisition children usually ______grammatical rules from the linguistic information they hear.

A) use B) accept C) generalize D) reconstruct

7. .Whcih of the following best states the behaviorist view of child language acquisition?_______. A.Language acquisition is a process of habit formation

B.Language acquisition is the species-specific property of human beings C.Children are born with an innate ability to acquire language

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D.Humans are equipped with the neural prerequisites for language and language use 8. At the age of four, children_____.

A. can master the essentials of their mother tongue B. can only babble several sounds

C..can name the things around them only

D. can write out all the grammatical rules of their mother tongue.

9. A child who knows the general plural form may apply the rule to irregular nouns and produce “foots”. This is called ______.

A. assimilation B. transfer

C. overgeneralization D. underextension

10. It is estimated that the number of basic words known by English-speaking school children of age six is around ______.

A. 7800 B. 6800 C. 5800 D. 4800

11.Linguistic determination and linguistic relativity are also known as ____. A)linguistic universals B) functionalism B)Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis D) structuralism

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12.Some Southern learners of English in China tend to say “night” as “light”.This shows: .( ) A.They cannot pronounce/n/

B.Interlangue interference because there is notthe sound /n/in their mother tongue C.The teachers do not have a good teaching method D.They do not like to pronounce nasal sounds

13. ______ holds that human beings are biologically programmed for language and that the language develops in the child just as other biological function such as walking. A. The behaviorist view B. The innatist view C. The interactionist view D. The cognitive theory

14. Which of the following hypothesis is put forward by Bric Lenneberg? A. Critical Period Hypothesis B. Input Hypothesis

C. Language Acquisition Device Hypothesis D. Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

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1.The study of human languages as a whole is g_______ linguistics, while the study of a particular language is called p_________ linguistics.

2. A linguistic study is descriptive if it describes and analyses facts observed; it is p______ if it tries to lay down rules for \\

3. The reason why an English speaker and a Chinese speaker are not mutually

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intelligible is because language is culturally t____________.

4. “A rose by any other name would smell as sweet”. This sentence means that language has the feature of a_________.

5. In F. de Saussure's dichotomy, langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community; p______ is its realization in actual use.

6. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be d______ .

7. Language exists in time and changes through time. The description of a language at some point of time is called a s______ study of language.

8. Any language is composed of three main elements: speech sounds, grammatical structure, and m____ .

9. Articulatory phonetics describes how s__________ sounds are made and provides aframe work.

10. If a particular language has forty-eight meaningful sounds, it is said tohave forty-eight p__________ .

11. Comsonant sounds can be either voiced or voiceless. For example, the sound\\v______ and the sound \\

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12. If the back of the tongue is at the highest point near the soft palate, we have a b______ vowel. 13. Articulatory phonetics studies the movement of the vocal organs in producing the sounds of speech; while a__________ phonetics studies the way the sounds of the speech are perceived by the human ear.

14. An initial classification will divide the speech sounds into two broad categories: v________ and c__________.

15. The allophone of the same phoneme are said to be in c___________ distribution.

16. The basic unit in phonetics is p_______, while the basic unit in phonology is p_______.

17. A phoneme is an abstract unit and it is realized by a certain ________ in a certain phonetic context.

18. Comsonant sounds can be either voiced or voiceless. For example, the sound\\v______ and the sound \\19.Clear ［1］ and dark［ ］are allophones of the same one phoneme /1/.They never take the same position in sound combinations, thus they are said to be in c________ distribution.

20. An essential difference between consonants and vowels is whether the air coming from the lungs meets any o______ when a sound is produced.

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21. Phonological rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called s______ rules.

22. When pitch, stress and sound length are tired to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as i______.

23. I______ morphemes are attached to words, but they never change their syntactic category 24. A______ phonetics studies the perception of speech sounds.

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25. Any language is composed of three main elements: speech sounds, grammatical structure, and m____ .

26. M______ is the study of word formation and the internal structure of words.

27. The morphemes that cannot be used by themselves, but must be combined with other morphemes to form words car called b______ morphemes.

28. Bound morphemes may be subdivided into derivational and i________ morphemes. 29. M_______ is the smallest meaningful unit of language.

30. An independent unit of meaning that can be used freely by itself is called a f______ morpheme.

31. According to its position in the new word, a______ are divided into two

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kinds: prefixes and suffixes.

32. According to the transformational-generative grammar, every sentence has two structures. One is the deep structure; the other is the surface structure. and the surface structure comes from the deep structure through t________.

33. Any sentences that share the same deep structure are said to be ________of one another. 34. XP may contain more than just X. For example, the NP “the boy who likes his puppy” consists of Det, N and S, with Det being the s______, N the head and S the complement.

35. A c______ sentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word, such as “and”, “but”, “or”. 36. A______ is the movement of an auxiliary verb to the sentence-initial position, such as “be”, “have”, “do” etc.

37.A c________ sentence contains two or more clauses, one of which is incorporated in the other. 38. The s____ function shows the relationship between a linguistic form and other parts of the linguistic pattern in which it is used.

39.The combination of two or sometimes more than two words to create new words is called c______.

40. The study of linguistic meaning of words, phrases, and sentences is called s____ . 41.S________ can be simply defined as the study of meaning.

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42. The conceptualist view holds that there is no d______ link between a linguistic form and what it refers to.

43. The words \\and \\are similar in meaning and their semanticrelation is described as s________.

44. Synonymy occurs when more than one form has the same meaning, but p________happens when the same form has more than one meaning.

45. Componential analysis is a way to analyze the lexical meaning, which based on the belief that the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components called semantic f______.

46. C ____ analysis is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be divided into meaning components.

47.Whether a sentence is semantically meaningful is governed by rules called s________ restrictions, which are constraints on what lexical items can go with what others.

48.R_________ opposites are pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items.

49. When two words are identical in sound, but different in spelling and meaning, they are called h__________.

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50.That the denial of one member of two words implies the assertion of the other is the

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characteristic of c________ antonyms.

51. The sense relation between \\

52. Hyponymy is the relationship which obtains between specific and general lexical items. The word that is more general in meaning is called s______.

53. “Go” and “come” are pair of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items. They are called r______ antonyms.

. The basic assumption underlying the theory of semantic field is that words do not exist in i________.

55.Absolute synonyms are rare and most English synonyms are different in atleast one semantic feature of a type of meaning, for example, \\adult \\ and \\\\differ in s__________ meaning.

56. R______ is what a linguistic form refers to in the real world; it is a matter of the relationship between form and the reality.

57. Words that are close in meaning are called s________.

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58. H______ refers to a relation between two words, in which the meaning of one of the words includes the meaning of the other word.

59. A word or sentence is a____ if it can be understood or interpreted in more than one way. 60. Sentences with the same truth conditions are p____ .

61. The sentence \\ The ambiguity iscaused by the word \\

62. The words \\and \\have the same conceptual meaning but their c________ meaning are different.

63.When the study of meaning is conducted, not in isolation, but in the context of use, it becomes another branch of linguistic study called ______

. Stating, commanding, warning, informing and the like are a____, because they are sentences uttered in certain contexts, under certain conditions and with certain intonations.

65. Semantics studies linguistic meaning while Pragmatics studies s____ meaning. 66. The c____ of an utterance determine its meaning.

67. Language is one of the important means of communication. In communication, when people utter sentences they also perform a____ of various kinds, such as stating, asking, commanding and promising.

68. Conversational i______ may arise as a result of a speaker's violation of the

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cooperational principle.

69.While the meaning of a sentence is abstract and decontextualized, that of an u________ is concrete and context-dependent.

70. Any sentences that share the same deep structure are said to be p________of one another.

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